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本科英語論文范文1
1.師資隊伍結構不合理
師資隊伍結構是指學校承擔教學工作的群體中具有不同特征人員的配備及其構成關系,包括學歷/學位結構、職稱結構、年齡結構、學緣結構、學科專業結構等要素。新建地方本科院校辦學歷史不長，高學歷和高級職稱不足；青年教師比例大；知識結構不均衡，學科結構不盡合理，缺乏專業教師。
2.“雙師型”教師數量不足
“雙師型”教師是指既具備扎實基礎理論知識和較高教學水平及一定科研能力，又具有較強專業實踐能力和豐富實際工作經驗的教師。新建本科院校教師大多畢業后直接到學校工作，有專業實踐經驗和從業經驗的非常少，通識英語（EGP—Englishforgeneralpurpose）教師偏多，真正能夠從事與商務密切相關的專門用途英語（ESP—Englishforspecialpurpose）教師短缺。再加上近年來招生規模擴大，教學任務繁重，很難抽出時間到相關部門實習和培訓。沒有實踐經驗和從業經歷，專業理論知識結構與實踐經驗脫節,使得他們在教學過程中缺乏將行業、職業的相關理論知識和實踐能力轉化為教育教學內容的能力，不能滿足實踐教學需要，制約了本科應用型人才培養。
3.教科研意識薄弱、水平較低
西方現代教育強調,教師需要訓練學生社會能力和培養學生個人素質能力,其角色要從純粹的知識傳遞者轉換為研究者,將理論運用到實踐中去是在一個動態過程上不斷進行調整和提高的能力。在我國，科學研究是高?；救蝿罩?，優秀的商務英語教師應該同時具備教學和科研能力，既要懂得運用理論知識指導實踐,同時又能從實踐中從事理論研究。
4.師德素養有待進一步提高
目前，在缺乏教學質量賞罰機制情況下，很多教師在獲得滿足感和成就感的同時，缺少危機感和緊迫感。許多教師進取心缺乏，責任感不強，不重視進修，個別教師甚至只顧兼職講課掙錢。多數女教師在結婚后，生活重心逐漸轉向家庭和孩子，較少關注自我發展提高。此外，有些教師對學生和所授課程缺乏必要的感情投入和責任心。一些教師很少或者根本不跟學生深入交流、了解其需求。這些現象的存在不利于教學質量的提高。
二、商務英語師資隊伍建設構想
1.合理調整師資隊伍基本結構
優化教師結構應本著“缺什么,補什么”的原則。新建本科院校必須根據自身情況，針對年齡、學歷、職稱制定有目的、有重點的人才引進和培養方案，通過多渠道培養、強化管理、穩定骨干、發展內涵,采取校外引進、特邀、校內培養提高的雙軌措施,調整現有的教師年齡、學歷和職稱結構，建立“老中青”相結合、“中高級”職稱比例合理的教師梯隊，確保教學質量提高。
2.努力提高“雙師型”教師數量
“雙師型”教師的培養模式應主要從其專業理論、專業技能和實踐指導能力三方面入手。商務英語教師不僅要具有良好的英語語言知識與技能，而且要具有商務專家的知識與技能以及相關的跨學科知識，如：經濟學、法學和管理學等。學校要積極拓寬“雙師型”教師培養渠道，為教師提供學習跨學科理論和實踐機會。如支持鼓勵教師參加各類技能培訓，有計劃地安排教師到經濟和社會實踐一線，進行專業實踐，加強校企間合作,讓老師走出課堂,深入企業、公司等單位實崗鍛煉；同時重視引進和培養既有英語教師基本業務能力、又熟悉商務工作實踐的雙師型教師。
3.注重教科研意識和能力培養
俗話說：“教而不研則淺，研而不教則空”。教和研是教師專業化成長的兩條必由之路,教和研的關系是相輔相成的。科研能力是教師專業能力發展的重要表現，也是高質量教學的保障。教師沒有一定質和量的教科研成果，很難提高教學水平。作為大學教師，商務英語老師首先應該開展教材教法、教學策略研究。其次,可進行語言學和翻譯等方面的研究，社會語言學、心理語言學、話語分析、語用學等均可以結合教學實踐設立教科研課題。第三,商務英語教師可開展對跨文化交際者對話的話語分析,進行社會心理、語言文化、語用規則的交叉研究等等。只要有科研創新意識,找到學科交叉點,就能不斷有新的觀點、新的課題,于教、于學、于科研均有利,真正做到教學科研一體化。
4.加強師德建設，樹立崇高的敬業精神
本科英語論文范文2
本文擬分析的一句名言的情況:當你擁有的唯一工具是一把錘子,所有問題開始像釘子。在這篇文章中,我們解釋和分析主題,分析了“錘子”我們是知道的方法,并討論如何解決這類似于用在知道追求知識的過程中適當的方式“釘子”的問題。
Topic:“When the only tool you have is a hammer, all problems begin to resemble nails” how might this apply to ways of knowing, as tools, in the pursuit of knowledge?
Solve problems with suitable ways of knowing
Introduction
This paper tends to analyze the case of a famous saying: When the only tool you have is a hammer, all problems begin to resemble nails. In this article, we explain and analyze the topic, analyze the “hammer” we have that is the way of knowing, and discuss how to solve the problems which resemble the “nails” using suitable ways of knowing in the process of pursue knowledge. Firstly, The definitions of The basic ways of knowing are provided. Then, It is indicated that how to solve problems with suitable ways of knowing.
本科英語論文范文3
其一，有益于完善保障機制和考核評價機制。其二，有利于提高師生的教學、科研、服務社會的能力。在教師的指導下，能促進學生積極參加各種文體活動、創新創業實踐項目、課外競賽活動、科研活動等，取得一定的成果。通過合法途徑，與社會合作，創造價值。其三，有益于提高學校的社會聲譽。深化建設漢語言文學專業第二課堂，也有利于學生的就業。第二課堂的學生若能在充分掌握第一課堂，學好專業理論知識的基礎上，進一步提高個人的綜合素質能力。它將適應社會的需要，進而提高學生的就業滿足率。
二、應用性本科高校漢語言文學專業第二課堂深化建設方案設想
應用性本科高校漢語言文學專業第二課堂深化建設，主要涉及到三方面的內容，即保障機制、具體操作和考核評價機制。其中保障機制是具體操作、考核評價機制得以進行的重要基礎，而考核評價機制是對具體操作效果的檢測。
（一）保障機制———資源的整合和利用
教師、學生和學校是保障機制中的三個重要元素，為了促使應用性本科高校漢語言文學專業第二課堂深化建設的順利有效進行，首先要使得這三個元素發揮人力、物力、財力上的作用。教師在第二課堂深化建設中，發揮著主導作用。鑒于以往的不足，應當先對其進行嚴格的培訓。由學校組織校內外專家，向教師傳達第二課堂的性質、目的、重要性、方法等的解讀，并通過分析具體案例，使之有總體把握。并對第二課堂的評價考核機制進行介紹，使教師心中有數。然后由培訓的教師寫一個心得體會，并做一份初步的計劃書。之后，由所在的部門進行動員，檢查實行效果。再統一向學校匯報情況。漢語言文學專業教師在第二課堂建設中，應當發揮積極主動性，以下幾點尤其重要。其一，發揮老教師指導年輕教師的傳幫帶作用，建立一對一，或一對多的關系，由年輕教師親身向老教師取經學習。其二，第二課堂的老師可以借助多種途徑，向校內外漢語言文學專業的專家、同行咨詢，以期獲得指導。其三，漢語言文學專業的老師在第二課堂中，要不斷地補缺補漏。其四，在第二課堂深化建設中，教師應該發揮學生的積極主動性，使之協助自己。教師可選擇若干個優秀的學生，作為教師助理，一方面有益于使教師助理得到訓練，另一方面由教師助理幫助其他學生助理發展，建立“教師-教師助理-學生助理”的相互協助關系。學生是第二課堂深化建設中的主體。以往進入漢語言文學專業第二課堂的學生良莠不齊，影響了實施效果。因此，在深化建設中，尤其要把嚴入口和出口。有研究者為了考察學生接受第二課堂教育的必要性，用“熱情”作為指標來表征其參與第二課堂的主觀愿望，將學生大致分為四類：中心型、自轉型、公轉型、邊緣型。其中，中心型是典型的精英類型，自轉型是另類的精英類型，公轉型是積極的后進類型，而邊緣型則是消極的后進類型。邊緣型是“在基本素質和能力上有明顯不足，但又因性格自卑、自閉或自暴自棄等原因不能有意識地通過參與第二課堂活動加以彌補。他們本是最應該補充‘素質營養’的一群人，卻又偏偏對鮮美的‘素質大餐’視若不見棄之不顧?！盵2](P80)邊緣型的學生不僅缺少能力，而且又消極不學，因此不能讓其通過第二課堂的檢測，這樣才能保證第二課堂的質量。與之相對應，在選取學生進入漢語言文學專業第二課堂時，也要把好入口。因此，有必要對學生進行擇優錄取?？砂凑找韵虏襟E進行選擇：其一，考察學生的動機。除了為了獲得學分和創新性學分等之外，考察他們是否對第二課堂感興趣，今后的計劃和目標為何。其二，重點考察他們對漢語言文學專業第一課堂理論知識的掌握情況。其三，考察他們的創新綜合能力與社會實踐能力等能力。三方面都通過考核者，可以進入第二課堂。學校相關部門，包括團委、學工部、教務處、科研處，以及文學院（中文系）等部門，應該發揮引導作用。其一，以上各職能部門可以通過先考察后投入的策略，即：在漢語言文學第二課堂建設一段時間后，對建設的情況進行初步評估考核，根據效果確定是否有必要建立創新基地，是否有必要提供相應的硬件措施，以及確定建立多少創新基地和硬件措施的事宜。其二，可以采用先設定一定數量的創新創業等項目，規定完成時間和參與人數，由學生負責申請和老師幫助指導的方式。在完成之后，同樣可以采用先進行初步評估考核，根據效果確定，設立多少個創新基金申報和立項項目的事宜。至于評價考核制度，見后面分析。以上從三個方面談及了保障機制，它們是漢語言文學專業第二課堂深化建設的重要條件，缺少任何一方，第二課堂深化建設將無法順利有序進行。
（二）深化建設的專業化、定期化、層次化
漢語言文學專業第二課堂的深化建設，為了取得預期的效果，需要走專業化、定期化、層次化的路線。所謂專業化是指課堂活動內容跟漢語言文學專業緊密聯系，師生也幾乎是本專業的學生。他們在經過第一課堂的教學之后，有著較為堅實的教學經驗、知識結構和創新能力，為了進一步提升自己，有必要進入第二課堂的教學。因此，教師應當對想要進入第二課堂的學生進行嚴格的專業考核。定期化是指在相對固定的時間里，進行第二課堂活動。第二課堂需要常規化，確保建立起長期活動機制，但不可以犧牲第一課堂為代價。有些師生將大部分的時間精力用于第二課堂，而忽視第一課堂，這是不可取的。他們應當認識到第一課堂的第一性，第二課堂的第二性，在完成第一課堂活動要求的前提下，進行第二課堂活動，這樣才可以確保第一課堂和第二課堂的質量。層次化是指第二課堂活動的內容、形式、目標等，要遵循循序漸進的原則。可以將漢語言文學專業大致分為語言類、文學類、其他類三大類。以文學類為例，或許可將其內容大致分為三小類：文體活動類（基礎型），大學生創新創業、職業技能類、課外科技競賽活動類（擴展型），科研類（研究型）三大類。再將文體活動類分為三大模塊：古典文學、近現當代文學、近現當代文學文體及其賞析三大模塊。將大學生創新創業、職業技能類、課外科技競賽活動類分為三大模塊：古典文學、近現當代文學、外國文學文體朗誦與創作三大模塊。將科研類分為三大模塊：古代文學、近現當代文學、外國文學研究三大模塊。學生在選擇這三大類的模塊中，需要逐級選擇，先選擇文體活動類，最后選擇科研類。而且在選擇某一類時，必須遵循一定的連貫性。比如說，選擇了古典詩歌及其賞析模塊，接下來必須選擇古典詩歌朗誦與創作模塊，最后選擇古典詩歌研究模塊。經過這樣的學習，學生對古典詩歌的文體特點、發展脈絡、朗誦和創作、研究，有了一個系統的掌握。比起隨意選取門類和模塊來說，顯然系統性更強，效果也會更好。
（三）完善評價考核機制
本科英語論文范文4
目前國內工業設計主要服務的領域集中在消費分析和產品市場定位；產品工業設計；產品結構、工藝設計等三個主要的方面，這體現出了目前我國的經濟對設計的需求水平，也是我們目前人才培養方案建立和優化的依據之一。應用型本科強調學生的應用能力，我們提出工業設計專業的課程體系的制定應以提高學生的實際設計能力為最根本前提，目前大多數高校的課程體系的設置都是先分門別類地學習和研究各門課程，每門課程完成特定的學習任務和目標，然后再通過課程設計等實踐將之綜合，這樣的設置方式缺少對學生的綜合設計能力的鍛煉，即使有一定比例的課程實驗和課程設計，學生真正做的完整的設計也不多，不利于學生綜合設計能力的提升，在應用型本科的背景下，必須對這種傳統的人才培養方案進行改革和優化。工業設計專業的全部課程主要包括基礎形態研究類課程、設計理論類課程、設計表現類課程、人文及商業類課程、設計邊緣類課程、與產品生產相關的工程類課程和實習實踐類課程等七個主要部分，概括起來可以分為“怎么做設計”和“怎么做好設計”兩大類。針對應用型本科的培養理念，我們對工業設計專業的人才培養模式提出以下改革措施：
1.調整課程結構體系應用型本科的專業培養目標首先應著眼于學生的職業培訓，把學生培養成具有綜合的設計能力的設計人才，課程體系應該以專業的系列設計課程和設計實踐為中心，輔之以用戶研究、設計管理、產品市場趨勢等市場類課程和與產品材料與工藝、產品功能結構原理、產品成本分析、塑料產品設計等工程類課程，使核心課程的設置滿足目前社會對設計人才知識和技能的基本要求。圍繞核心課程的是擴充知識面和多方面素質的人文類如設計與文化，設計史，設計概論、設計美學等課程，以及平面、環藝類的其他設計課程。應用能力的提高需要通過完成大量的設計項目來實現，而設計理念是需要通過相應的設計手段來表現出來的，所有我們提出工業設計專業的課程結構體系的構建理念是先學習怎么做設計，再學習怎么做好設計，通過大量的實踐活動來提升學生的實際設計能力。在課程體系結構的構建過程中，我們主張首先學習設計方法，在明白了整個設計流程以后，根據每一個設計階段所需要的理論和技能，逐步學習其他課程。大一主要學習設計方法和設計表現類課程，鍛煉設計手繪、設計軟件等一系列完成設計所需要的手段，大二學習設計基礎理論和設計美學、設計史，了解工業設計行業的整個發展脈絡，大三學習人文及商業類課程和產品生產相關的工程類課程，大四進行綜合類的設計實踐活動。這樣做的好處在于學生在大一的時候就可以進行相應的簡單的設計活動，從大二開始逐漸可以完成完整的設計課題，大三大四隨著課程的不斷深入，逐步提高設計難度，在設計實踐活動中鍛煉學生的綜合設計能力，在專業課程的學習過程中，帶著設計課題有目的的去學習專業知識，對于各門課程的知識如何在設計活動中運用會有更加真實、直觀的體會，學習的目的性更加明確，學習積極性和學習效率都會顯著提升。
2.優化課程內容和學時分配工業設計專業的跨學科特點決定了它涉及到的知識領域非常廣泛，在有限的課時內不可能覆蓋到所有的領域，選擇哪些知識點編入課程體系，每門課程所占的比重是多少，應該非常慎重。應用型本科的培養目標在于使學生具備在設計、市場和工程三方面的相關知識，把學生培養成具有綜合設計能力的設計人才。目前大部分的高校開設的工業設計專業的相關課程都直接從其專業照搬過來，沒有針對工業設計專業本身的特定進行修正，特別是工程類課程，包含了廣泛而深入的內容，不可能全部照搬進工業設計的課堂，而要經過綜合和篩選，把跟工業設計最密切相關的內容組合起來學習，譬如機械原理這門課程，我們把它改為產品功能結構原理，針對典型的產品，拆開、分解，分析它的結構，從功能、材料、加工方面分析它為什么要采用這個結構，包含了哪些力學、電學、加工、配合等方面的知識，有沒有其他的設計解決方案等。這樣設置課程內容，雖然對授課教師的要求較高，但通過有計劃地篩選典型產品來分析，可以把需要學生掌握的工程類知識融合在其中，學生容易理解，而且很容易地在設計的過程中應用這些知識，更好的提高學生對知識的應用能力。應用型本科強調學生的職業培訓，在學時分配上也要體現出“應用”，目前大多數高校依然延續傳統學術型高校的學時分配模式，將大量的學時放在公共基礎課上，包括高等數學、大學英語、原理等等，這些課程占據了整個培養體系將近一半的課時，對于應用型本科來講，應該適當的縮減該類課程的學時，將更多的課時放在培養學生的應用能力上。
3.拓展教學方法人才培養方案的優化需要合理的教學方法來是執行，應該建立適合工業設計專業特點的教學方法。對于工業設計這種以實踐性為其首要特點的學科來說，設計教學要以學生為中心，通過教師的引導，激勵學生自己去思考、體驗和發現，尋求并綜合各種知識去找到解決問題的答案。我們主張在課程教學上以設計實踐為主，每門課程在上課之初首先根據課程的內容設計一個或一系列相應的設計課題，然后圍繞這一設計課題有計劃的將課程內容有基組合，讓學生帶著問題去學習課程內容，充分調動學生的學習積極性，更好的將課程內容與設計課題相結合，同時增加綜合性的設計實踐活動，考查學生組合多門課程解決實際設計問題的能力。
二、結束語
本科英語論文范文5
[關鍵詞]寫作課程 實踐教學 改革
[作者簡介]王煥玲（1972- ），女，河南南陽人，南陽理工學院文法學院，副教授，研究方向為漢語言文字學、寫作教學。（河南 南陽 473004）
[中圖分類號]G647 [文獻標識碼]A [文章編號]1004-3985（2013）35-0167-02
應用型本科高校的漢語言文學專業旨在培養具有扎實的漢語言文學基礎知識和理論，具備較強的語言文字表達能力和較高的文學審美鑒賞能力，系統掌握文化傳播或中文教育理論及相關技能的高級應用型專門人才。近些年來漢語言文學專業學生畢業后主要從事中小學語文教學、網絡編輯、報紙雜志編輯、辦公室文秘、廣告文案策劃與寫作等工作，這些崗位對漢語言文學專業畢業生的寫作能力都有比較高的要求。就漢語言文學專業的畢業生而言，寫作能力是最能彰顯本專業人才優勢的素質之一，也是社會對漢語言文學專業人才的基本要求。為了培養學生的寫作能力，漢語言文學專業一般都會開設基礎寫作、應用寫作、廣告文案寫作、新聞采訪與寫作等寫作類課程，這些課程是漢語言文學專業的核心課程，學生寫作能力也是漢語言文學專業學生必備的基本能力之一。
一、應用型本科漢語言文學專業寫作類課程存在的問題
1.課程開設缺乏持續性和系統性。寫作能力是漢語言文學專業學生必備的基本能力之一，對學生寫作能力的培養和訓練應該貫穿大學四年的學習之中，并且應該符合學生的認知規律，適應學生的就業需要。但是目前很多應用型本科高校寫作類課程一般只在低年級開設，缺乏寫作能力訓練的連續性。
2.課程重理論、輕實踐。為了強化學生的寫作能力，教師必須在課程理論講授的同時設置一些實踐教學環節，但是很多高校的寫作類課程在實踐教學環節安排上尚屬空白，即便有的安排了實踐教學環節，也被教師安排為課堂練習，沒有真正讓學生走出課堂，走進社會，在社會實踐中提升寫作能力，應用型人才培養的理念無法得到實現。
3.缺乏激勵機制，無法調動教師實踐教學的積極性。與傳統教學方式相比，實踐教學需要教師付出更多的精力，但是由于目前高校缺乏相應的激勵機制，導致寫作類課程的任課教師缺乏進行實踐教學改革的積極性，致使實踐教學流于空談。
二、調整專業課程體系，科學設置寫作類課程
漢語言文學專業應該從專業的高度來設置寫作類課程，保證學生每個學期都有寫作類課程，保證每位學生在大學期間都能夠有專人負責指導和監督，保持寫作訓練的連續性，讓寫作能力訓練不斷線。從一年級開始結合學生的其他專業課，根據學生的認知規律，逐步開設基礎寫作、應用寫作、新聞采訪與寫作、廣告文案與寫作、應用寫作綜合訓練、企業內刊編輯、學年論文、畢業論文等課程，這樣從基礎知識和理論到具體文種的寫作到綜合寫作，循序漸進地培養學生的寫作能力。
1.第一學年：奠定基礎階段。新生在入學伊始，教研室便為其指定專業指導教師，由專業指導教師指導學生大學四年的專業發展，結合漢語言文學專業的就業趨向，為其制定明確的專業發展目標。寫作能力是學生的專業核心能力之一，專業教師應對學生四年的寫作學習提出指導意見和明確要求，可要求學生四年中完成100篇文章的寫作任務，每年完成篇目在25篇左右；寫作類課程的考試成績必須為良；必須在校內文學刊物和網站上發表一定數量的文章。
2.第二學年：技能練習階段。這一階段主要開設基礎寫作、應用寫作兩門基礎課程?；A寫作課程主要講授寫作的基本理論及知識，教會學生如何提煉文章的主題、如何選取材料、如何布局謀篇、如何錘煉語言等，從各個環節教會學生基本的寫作技巧和方法，要求學生能夠在賞析佳作的基礎上運用各種基本文體寫作。在基礎寫作的基礎上進一步開設應用寫作課程，教師通過對各種應用文體知識和寫法的講解，通過各種應用文體訓練，使學生能夠進行行政公文、事務文書和專用文書的寫作。這一階段要求學生完成30篇以上的作品。
3.第三學年：專業提高階段。在第二年的基礎上使其進一步學習新聞文體和廣告文案的寫作，要求學生能夠在校內外刊物上發表一定數量的新聞稿件，能夠進行簡單的廣告文案與寫作。漢語言文學專業的畢業生畢業后很大一部分會進入企業，從事企業文化宣傳工作，因此漢語言文學專業有必要開設一門企業內刊編輯課程，這門課程開設時可集中進行，教師通過帶領學生走進企業，使學生接觸企業內刊，了解內刊運作的程序和編輯組稿的要求，指導學生參與企業內刊的編輯。這種集中實踐的形式，將會很好地提升學生的綜合寫作能力，特別是新聞文體的寫作能力。學年論文課程是漢語言文學專業必開的寫作課程之一，這門課程一般開設在三年級的下學期，使學生在掌握基本的專業知識和寫作技能的基礎上初步進行專業論文的寫作，這門課程能夠使學生在較高層次上對專業知識與寫作技能加以整合，培養專業的審美體驗能力、綜合分析能力和創新表達能力以及專業論文的寫作能力。
4.第四學年：應用驗收階段。在這一階段，可以設置三門綜合性的實踐課程：應用寫作綜合訓練、學年論文、畢業論文。應用寫作綜合訓練課程主要通過為學生設置相關實踐情景，讓學生在模擬情境中進行各種文種的寫作，強化之前的寫作課程的理論及能力，使學生具備較高的應用寫作能力；學年論文和畢業論文是漢語言文學專業本科畢業生必須進行的專業論文寫作環節，也是對學生四年來專業課學習的總結和驗收環節，訓練和測試學生的專業綜合研究能力和專業論文寫作能力。
三、強化實踐性教學環節，搭建實踐教學平臺
1.增加寫作類課程課內實踐時數。為了突出學科的應用性，培養學生的專業技能，漢語言文學專業大都開設了應用寫作、新聞采訪與寫作、廣告文案與寫作等實踐性很強的課程，但是由于傳統思維定式的影響，寫作類課程的教師往往忽視了實踐教學環節，在制訂培養方案的時候，這些寫作類課程的實踐時數或者為零，或者比例相對較小，即便一些高校的漢語言文學專業安排了寫作類課程的實踐教學環節，但是由于受到學術型、理論型教學模式的影響，這些課程的實踐教學環節往往被理論授課環節所替代，課內實踐環節往往形同虛設。因此，要提高學生的應用寫作能力，必須調整專業人才培養方案，增加寫作類課程實踐環節的比重，最好能將理論與實踐的比例保持在31 的水平，這樣才能將實踐教學落實下去。另外，為了確保實踐教學環節能夠確實被執行，我們還應該有詳細的課內實踐大綱。
2.開設寫作類集中實訓課程。為了強化漢語言文學專業學生的寫作能力，我們應在高年級開設不同種類的集中實踐課程，如應用寫作綜合實訓、企業內刊編輯等課程，這些課程既有對學生專用文種寫作能力的綜合訓練，也有對學生專業綜合寫作能力的訓練和考核。這些集中實訓課程可以改變傳統的教學思路和模式，讓學生利用這個機會參與到實際工作中，提前了解未來的工作崗位對學生寫作能力的具體要求。例如擔任應用寫作課程、企業內刊編輯課程的教師可以把學生帶到相關企業，使學生在企業集中實習，參加企業的行政工作和企業內刊編輯工作，讓學生在實踐的過程中了解行業對專業能力的需求，更好地鍛煉學生的讀寫能力和采編能力。
3.搭建校內外實踐平臺。寫作能力的培養不僅僅需要理論知識的傳授，更需要學生能夠在實踐中練習。因此學校和寫作課程的教師應該為學生搭建良好的校內外實踐教學平臺。教師可以利用學校的文學刊物和校園網絡，使之作為學生習作發表的陣地，鼓勵學生參與院校的文學刊物，激發學生的寫作興趣。學校應該加強對外聯系和合作，建立多家專業實習基地。學校可以利用周末和節假日把學生分期、分批地派到企業，參與企業的行政管理工作和文化宣傳工作，例如撰寫日常行政工作文案、企業策劃宣傳文案、企業內刊文案等，學生在實踐活動中能夠真正了解到行業對學生寫作能力的需求，從而能夠及時調整自己的學習方法，更好地將課堂上的理論知識融會貫通，也更早地適應了社會的需求。
四、實施激勵機制，鼓勵教師開展實踐教學
應用型本科漢語言文學專業學生的專業基本能力包括漢語閱讀能力、漢語寫作能力和交際能力等。在大學四年的學習中，為了重點培養學生的寫作技能，監督學生的學習過程，督促學生加強平時的寫作，需要給每位學生指定一位責任導師，由導師負責指導、監督、跟蹤學生的寫作。為了加強寫作類課程的實踐教學環節，也需要寫作課程的任課教師投入極大的時間和精力去研究課程教學模式和教學方法的改革。目前許多應用型本科高校實踐教學無法深入推動，其原因之一在于任課教師缺乏主動性、積極性，深層的原因是高校缺乏對實踐教學環節工作的激勵機制。指導老師為學生批改文章、帶領學生參加企業實踐活動總是在課外進行，教師不能得到任何形式的補助，而且這些活動耗費教師很大的精力，使其無法集中精力搞科研，而社會實踐的成果又無法作為教師晉升職稱的要件，因此許多教師在課程的實踐教學中將實踐教學環節改為理論環節，把學生禁錮在課堂內、書本的教條上，使寫作課程的教學與社會嚴重脫節，背離了設置寫作課程實踐教學環節的初衷，也就無法實現應用型人才的培養目標，這是許多應用型本科高校面臨的一個普遍的問題。
因此，要提高學生的綜合寫作能力，必須進行實踐教學改革，必須使專業指導教師有足夠的熱情和精力，這就要求高校建立一定的激勵機制：鼓勵青年教師參與實踐教學改革，鼓勵教師深入企事業單位頂崗實習，積累實踐經驗；對積極參加實踐教學改革的教師實施資金補助；對參加實踐教學改革的教師在職稱評定時予以職稱晉升政策的傾斜；為教師創造實習、實踐環境等，這樣才能激發教師指導熱情，切實提高學生的寫作能力。
五、緊密結合實際，探索各門課程實踐教學模式的改革
各門寫作課程的教師要結合漢語言文學專業的人才培養目標，根據課程自身的內容和性質，逐步探索各門課程的實踐教學改革。基礎寫作課主要培養學生基礎文體的寫作能力，教師可組織學生參加社會實踐、鼓勵和幫助學生創辦文學刊物、利用網絡平臺寫作等方式進行實踐教學方式的探索，特別是在當今網絡技術發達的時代，基礎寫作課教師應該鼓勵學生撰寫博客文章，鍛煉學生的寫作能力；應用寫作課程旨在培養學生的應用文種的寫作能力，教師可通過創建新的實訓模式、編寫切實可行的實訓方案、校企合作辦刊等方式進行實踐教學探索；新聞采訪與寫作課程實踐性較強，更應該創建開放式互動式寫作教學平臺進行實踐性教學改革，而不是拘泥于傳統的文本和案例，應該想辦法把學生拉出校園，發現身邊的新聞，隨地取材，切實提高學生的實際采訪與寫作能力；廣告文案寫作課程也要研究各行業對廣告文案寫作教學的要求，探索課程的實訓模式，從而使學生的學習和寫作能夠與社會實踐接軌，切實提高學生的實踐能力。
[參考文獻]
[1]潘連根，王靜義，李佩倫.關于漢語言文學專業學生寫作能力培養的思考[J].紹興文理學院學報：教育教學研究版，2000（1）.
本科英語論文范文6
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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Appendices
浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生網上英語口語學習策略調查問卷
一、個人簡況
姓名:
性別: A 男 B女
科別： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A內向 B外向
你認為你目前的英語綜合水平： A很差 B一般 C優秀
二、網上英語口語學習策略調查
（元認知策略使用情況調查）
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、上網學習時，我能把握上網學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何上網提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的上網學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（認知策略使用情況調查）
7、我瀏覽各種英文網站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等，聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調查）
11、我反復觀看喜歡的歐美劇，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、在英文網站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把上網遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我用金山詞霸等網上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（補償策略使用情況調查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞 時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調查）
21、在網絡環境中害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、上網學習英語后，我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調查）
26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、通過網上交流很容易在學習上和同學結成朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生非網絡狀態下英語口語學習策略調查問卷
（元認知策略使用情況調查）
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、學習時，我能把握學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（認知策略使用情況調查）
7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動，聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽英語時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽英語時，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調查）
11、我反復朗讀喜歡的英語文章，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（補償策略使用情況調查）
17、英語聊天時，我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、英語聊天時，當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、英語聊天時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調查）
21、害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、一番努力學習后，我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調查）
26、用英語聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、英語打開新的世界，結交更多的朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
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我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業論文《基于網絡的英語口語學習策略研究》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔。
