前言：中文期刊網精心挑選了英語科技論文范文供你參考和學習，希望我們的參考范文能激發你的文章創作靈感，歡迎閱讀。
英語科技論文范文1
一些常見的英文文章語言技巧
a)如何指出當前研究的不足以及有目的地引導出自己的研究的重要性
通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導不足，比如
However，littleinformation..
littleattention...
littlework...
littledata
littleresearch
orfewstudies
fewinvestigations...
fewresearchers...
fewattempts...
orno
noneofthesestudies
has(have)beenless
doneon...
focusedon
attemptedto
conducted
investigated
studied
(withrespectto)
Previousresearch(studies，records)has(have)
failedtoconsider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglectedto
overestimated，underestimated
misleaded
thus，thesepreviusresultsare
inconclisive，misleading，unsatisfactory，questionable，controversial..
Uncertainties(discrepancies)stillexist...
這種引導一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強調自己工作的作用：
However，dataisstillscarce
rare
lessaccurate
thereisstilldearthof
Weneedto
aimto
haveto
providemoredocuments
data
records
studies
increasethedataset
Furtherstudiesarestillnecessary...
essential...
為了強調自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等
比如：
1)時間問題
如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足
2)物性及研究手段問題
如果你要應用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當前比較流行的方法以及物質性質，然后說對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
3)研究區域問題
首先總結相鄰區域或者其它區域的研究，然后強調這一區域研究不足
4)不確定性
雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點，這種uncertanties，ambiguities，值得進一步澄清
5)提出自己的假設來驗證
如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據提出的過程，存在這種可能的結果，本文就是要證實這種結果。
Weaimtotestthefeasibility(reliability)ofthe...
Itishopedthatthequtestionwillberesolved(fallaway)withourproposed
method(approach).
提出自己的觀點
Weaimto
Thispaperreportson
providesresults
extendsthemethod..
focuson
Thepurposeofthispaperisto
Furthermore，Moreover，Inaddition，，wewillalsodiscuss...
c)圈定自己的研究范圍
前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。
為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：
1)時間尺度問題
如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關心這一時間范圍的問題。
Wepreliminarilyfocusontheolder(younger)...
或者有兩種時間尺度的問題(long-termandshortterm)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種
2)研究區域的問題
和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關心這一地區
d)最后的原場
在前言的最后，還可以總結性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的幫助。
或者說，furtherstudieson...willbesummarizedinournext
study(orelsewhere)
總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少
爭論(arguments).
關于詞匯以及常用結構，要經?？偨Y，多讀多模仿才能融會貫通。
以上是常見的語言結構，不算抄襲。
怎樣提出觀點
在提出自己的觀點時，采取什么樣的策略很重要。
不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用
Weconfirmthat...
2)對于自己很自信的觀點，可用
Webelievethat...
3)在更通常的情況下，由數據推斷出一定的結論，
用，Resultsindicate，infer，suggest，implythat...
4)在及其特別的情況才可以用Weputforward
(discover，observe..).."forthefirsttime".
來強調自己的創新。
5)如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用
Wetentativelyputforward(interrpretethisto..)
OrTheresultsmaybedueto(causedby)attributedto
rsultedfrom..
OrThisisprobablyaconsequenceof
Itseemsthat..canaccountfor(interpret)this..
OrItispisiblethatitstemfrom...
連接詞與邏輯
寫英文論文最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有：
1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨立
常見的連接詞語有，However，also，inaddition，
consequently，afterwards，moreover，Furthermore，
further，although，unlike，incontrast，Similarly，
Unfortunately，alternatively，parallelresults，
Inorderto，despite，Forexample，Comparedwith
otherresults，thus，therefore...
用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點表達得有層次，更加明確。
比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻，最早的文獻可用AAadvocateditforthefirsttime.
接下來，可用ThenBBfurtherdemonstratedthat..
再接下來，可用Afterwards，CC..
如果還有，可用MorerecentstudiesbyDD..
如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開
AApputforwardthat...
Incontrast，BBbelieve
orUnlikeAA，BBsuggest
orOnthecontrary(表明前面的觀點錯誤，如果只是表明兩種對立的觀點，用incontrast)，BB..
如果兩種觀點相近，可用
AAsuggest
Similarily，alternatively，BB..
OrAlso，BB
orBBallsodoes..
表示因果或者前后關系，可用Consequently，therefore，asaresult，
表明遞進關系，可用furthermore，further，moreover，inaddition，
當寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應用了這些連接詞。
2)段落的整體邏輯
經常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結構。
首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份
...Therefore，therearethreeaspectsofthisproblenhaveto
beaddressed.
Thefirstquestuoninvolves...
Thesecondproblemrelatesto
Thethridaspectdealswith...
上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。
Or，可以直接用First，Second，Third...Finally，..
當然，Furthermore，inaddition等可以用來補充說明。
3)討論部份的整體結構
小標題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾個片段。
一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的數據與結論。補充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。
一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業的專業人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業人讀懂。
所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點，另一部份詳細介紹過程以及論述的依據。這樣專業外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點，比較專業的討論他可以把它當成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業人士可以進一步研究。
為了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念時，最好加以個括弧，給出較為詳細的解釋。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation，兩種方法加以解決
1)在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表
2)在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreciation的含義，用來
提醒讀者。
總之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。
一定要注意絕對不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看來前人的結論完全不對。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出現非常negative的評價，比如Theirresults
arewrong，veryquestionable，havenocommensence，etc.
遇到這類情況，可以婉轉地提出：
Theirstudiesmaybemorereasonableiftheyhad
consideredthissituation.
Theirresultscouldbebetterconvincedifthey...
OrTheirconclusionmayremainsomeuncertanties.
討論部份還包括什么內容？
1.主要數據特征的總結
2.主要結論以及與前人觀點的對比
3.本文的不足
第三點，在一般作者看來不可取。事實上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞，覺得別人看不出來，是非常不明智的。
所謂不足，包括以下內容：
1.研究的問題有點片面
討論時一定要說，
Itshouldbenotedthatthisstudyhasexaminedonly..
Weconcentrate(focus)ononly...
Wehavetopointoutthatwedonot..
Somelimitationsofthisstudyare...
2.結論有些不足
Theresultsdonotimply，
Theresultscannotbeusedtodetermine
betakenasevidenceof
Unfortunately，wecannotdetermienthisfromthisdata
Ourresultsarelackof...
但是，在指出這些不足之后，隨后一定要再一次加強本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來解決這些不足，為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。
Notwithstadingitslimitation，thistudydoessuggest..
However，theseproblemsculdbesolvedifweconsdier
英語科技論文范文2
(一)詞匯特點科技英語的詞匯主要分為三大類:普通詞匯,半科技詞匯以及術語和高度技術性的詞匯。普通詞匯在科技英語的行文中還是占絕大多數?，F今,半科技詞匯也被認為是普通詞匯,因為其在現代社會中應用也相當廣泛。句法特點
1.長句科技英語的主要特點之一就是長句。因為長句更能將信息表達的更加細致和準確。如果句子太長又會引起讀者的反感,所以大多數科技英語的長句通常會由逗號隔開。
2.被動語態科技英語習慣用被動語態表達目的和精確的科技事實。
(二)文體特征科技英語的作者都試圖將語言表達得更加準確、精煉?？萍加⒄Z的行文樸素,目的就是告訴人們事實,文章結構緊湊嚴密,表達清晰準確,強調客觀性。
二、科技英語翻譯技巧
(一)名詞化在漢語中,名詞通常就只作為名詞使用。而在英語,尤其是科技英語中,名詞可能會指示特性,動作,或是抽象的感受,例如:kindness,movement等。在翻譯這些名詞時,可將其譯成形容詞或動詞。
1.增減詞匯為了翻譯的更加通順,符合漢語的行文習慣。在科技英語漢譯時可適當增減詞匯。
2. 將定語從句譯為狀語從句。
(二)定語從句的翻譯
1.將定語從句翻譯成定語修飾詞,直接放在關鍵詞前。通過對比中英兩種語言的句子結構,我們可以看出英語中的定語從句可以放在句子中的任何位置。但是在中文中,通常放在關鍵詞前面。所以大部分的定語從句翻譯都可以采用該原則。
2.將定語從句譯為狀語從句。
三、狀語從句的翻譯
(一)時間狀語從句翻譯時,放在主句之前。
(二)地點狀語從句翻譯時放在主句之前或之后。
(三)目的狀語從句翻譯時在主句前增加“為了”。
(四)比較狀語從句。
英語科技論文范文3
石油英語包括兩大板塊：石油科技英語和石油地質英語。石油科技英語涵蓋領域極其廣泛，單從油氣藏的生成就包括：油氣生成（generation）、運移（migration）、聚集（accumulation）和保存（preservation）。油氣從地下開采到地面過程包括選址（siteselection）、勘探（exploration）、開發（exploitation\development）、鉆井（drilling）、固井（wellcementation）、錄井（welllogging）、完井（wellcompletion）等等。每個領域都包含大量的物理、化學、地球物理勘探、電子專業詞匯。而且石油地質英語更是有大量的古生物詞匯和引入的拉丁詞匯，單詞不僅長而且不符合英語發音習慣。例如penecontemporaneou（s準同期的，沉積后到固結前的），其發音雖不佶屈聱牙但也需要相當的詞匯量積累才能在遇到如此長的單詞時處變不驚。所以在特定的語言環境中，要明確闡述的核心是具體設備或是生產過程，活躍、明晰腦海中對應領域的詞匯群，及時根據語境選擇或者試著拼寫出相近的詞語，然后再帶回源語中核實是否符合原文意思。語境所談的是鉆井泥漿輔助地質信息搜集的作用，雖然撞擊在耳膜上的詞語是“shallowingvision”但是我們要理性而又從邏輯思維角度判斷文章要表達的真實意圖是“shallowinvasion”，即低鹽度濾液對油氣產層的“淺層侵入”，要從語境中選擇石油科技領域的詞匯，而非日常英語。另外一處是“lowsalinity”，由于音質欠佳，聽譯中會產生到底是“lowsalinity”還是“longsalinity”的疑惑，到底文章想表達的是“低鹽度濾液”還是“長度較長濾液”？當然，這種相近詞帶來的疑問是正常的。但是，從濾液物理特性角度而言，侵入產層是由于其自身的濃度和密度與地層流體之間的梯度差導致的“淺層侵入”，而不是濾液長度導致侵入的出現。所以，從石油科技專業角度而言，要掌握專業術語表達，在具體的語言環境中準確地傳達、再現源語者的意思。
2.聽譯過程中的口音問題
口音問題在石油行業并不鮮見，一個項目可能會有美國人、英國人、澳大利亞人，甚至是英語非母語國家的成員，例如：俄羅斯人、印度人、馬來西亞人、巴基斯坦人等等。有一個形象的比方是一個大型跨國石油合作項目人員可以組成“聯合國”?？谝魡栴}會導致聽譯中出現模糊詞語情況。各國家的發音習慣不同，如俄羅斯人習慣把字母“r”發成俄語里面的彈舌音“р”，印度人習慣性將字母“t”無一例外地濁化成“d”。所以針對石油科技英語聽譯中的口音問題除了要熟悉各主要石油國家發音習慣之外，還要依賴語境，用上下文來確定聽到的詞是否和語境主旨吻合。有的時候實在聽不出某個單詞可以記住單詞里某一、兩個音節，在掌握所談語境是設備工具還是施工流程基礎上，推測此句話要表達的意思是什么，準備可以填入句中的詞語，最后結合音節敲定唯一那個詞語。但是由于講課人是一位口音很重的加拿大人，而且吞音現象嚴重，所以在聽的過程中很容易將其混淆成“fast”，從而可能引起錯譯，翻譯成“油或氣（或者二者混合體）將井筒環空里的泥漿驅替，由于油氣的密度比泥漿小，從而加快流體速度”。根據上下文可知此處談論的是井噴，泥漿在被密度較小的油或氣驅替出井筒形成較大壓差情況下導致儲層流體涌入井筒這種事故。因此即使初次聽出來是“fast”也要深思熟慮，想想“液體快速流動”是否符合原文意思，結合語境，通過調低語速至0.9倍，甚至是0.8倍反復精聽，只要曾經接觸過這個詞，最后是可以拼寫出來的。
3.聽譯過程中的地名和人名
石油的勘探、開發、運輸既包括陸上作業也包括海上作業。覆蓋的范圍也越來越廣，所以在談論石油時不可避免會談到或已然耳熟或聞所未聞的“地點”“施工人員”和“甲方”“乙方”等地名、人名和公司名。這就要求我們對石油這個行業要有廣泛的認識，打牢行業必備基礎知識。從聽譯角度而言，就要從已經聽出部分的文章出發，順藤摸瓜，牽出文章主線，并從這個大環境出發，查找、補充其輻射范圍的信息（既可以是中文信息載體，也可以是英文信息載體）。該處的地名“Spindletop”初聽可能不知所云，只知道可能是美國德克薩斯州的某個地方，拼寫的時候甚至可能意識不到“p”其實是已經被濁化的，因此可能會誤拼成“b”，導致南轅北轍，以至于在字典里面無論如何都找不到“Spindletop”這個詞。這就需要譯者查閱相關資料，了解鉆頭設計和近代石油工業歷史來延展聽力能力的觸角和敏感程度。本文討論的話題是鉆頭的歷史，具體談論的是旋轉鉆頭的推廣使用促使了美國德州某油田油氣資源大發現和進一步對牙輪本身的更新換代。因此，通過再線查詢或是文獻查閱可以查出“Spindletop”這個詞語，將其放入文中也能從語境、語法、事實的角度滿足文章要求。該句中另外一個難點是人名“HowardHughesSr.”，不過該人名比較清晰，能夠順利聽譯出來。如果是比較生僻的人名不妨先試著拼寫出來，再查閱在線詞典或是專門的人名詞典進行對比，確定后再放回文中檢驗拼寫規則是否符合文章語境。
4.結語
英語科技論文范文4
摘要：依據關聯理論，科技英語翻譯的過程即為原文作者、譯文讀者都取得最佳關聯的明示――推理過程。另外，科技文章在其用詞、句法、結構等方面均有其自身特點。本文著重分析了關聯理論與文體學觀照下的科技英語翻譯策略，指出為了使譯文具備最佳關聯性，譯者應準確推測作者原意，推理讀者的認知語境，采用最佳的翻譯策略。
關鍵詞：關聯理論；文體學；科技英語；翻譯策略
中圖分類號：H315.9文獻標志碼：A文章編號：1001-862X（2011）06-0185-004
科技英語是廣泛應用于科技領域的一種文體。隨著我國科學技術的飛速發展和知識經濟時代的到來，人們對科技英語和科技英語漢譯的需求與日俱增。而科技領域日益繁多的國際交流已使得科技英語翻譯成為研究重點。本文從關聯理論與文體學的角度探討科技英語翻譯策略問題，從而為科技英語翻譯研究和翻譯實踐提供了一個全新的視角，并希望能夠對科技英語翻譯實踐有些實際指導作用。
一、關聯理論的基本概念
Sperber和Wilson提出的關聯理論是西方近20年來影響較大的認知語用學理論。隨著學科間的交叉發展，關聯理論被引入到翻譯理論的研究中，為傳統的翻譯理論研究注入了新的內容，帶來了新的視角，特別是在實踐中顯示出了其對翻譯理論與實踐研究的重要指導作用。它把翻譯看成一個對原語進行闡釋的動態的明確的推理過程，這就從根本上抓住了翻譯的本質。相對以前靜態的翻譯理論，這是一個質的飛躍。關聯理論下的翻譯論框架基本思路明確，對翻譯的解釋力也很強。但目前該理論多用于中外文化差異較明顯的文學等方面的研究，極少見到應用于科技英語翻譯研究。
1.交際的推理本質
在關聯理論框架內，翻譯是一個涉及兩個示意――推理過程、三個交際者即原文作者、譯者和譯文讀者的交際行為。關聯理論認為人類交際活動是一種認知活動，交際的本質是推理。交際的過程是一個推理過程，而這種推理是通過對關聯性的考慮來指導進行的。嚴格地說，關聯理論只適用于明示――推理交際。譯者在關聯理論的指導下，根據原文語言刺激和語境信息推理原文作者的交際意圖，將其與譯文讀者的期待相結合，決定闡釋什么和如何闡釋，并采用適當的方法進行翻譯。由此可見，翻譯的本質是交際，而交際的本質是推理。
2.語境與語境效果
關聯理論認為，語境即“理解某個話語所使用的各個前提的集合?！彼赋觯阂_理解自然語言，原文作者須基于話語和語境的最佳關聯先進行推理。[1]Gutt指出，成功的翻譯往往要求譯者能夠根據動態語境進行推理，而動態語境又依賴于語言與環境的關聯。實際上，翻譯的過程就是一個語境推理和選擇的動態的、不斷發展的過程。關聯理論的核心是關聯性?！瓣P聯性”極大地取決于語境效果。在同等條件下，語境的效果越大，關聯性就越強[2]。
3.關聯與最佳關聯
Gutt認為，轄制翻譯的基本原則就是關聯。因此，在翻譯過程中，譯者的主要任務就是找出語言與語境之間的關聯，特別是最佳關聯。根據Sperber和Wilson，說話人和聽話人能否找到最佳關聯是成功交際的關鍵所在。而要使交際獲得成功，關聯原則必須與最佳關聯的要求保持一致。根據最佳關聯理論，譯者就能通過構建最適合的語境，準確地理解源語文章，并且比較貼切地將其譯成目的語。
4.語言的解釋性和描述性用法
基于關聯理論認為，語言的使用有兩種不同方式：描述性使用和解釋性使用。很顯然，由于科技英語翻譯即將別人用某種語言所言所寫內容用另一種語言再次加以表述，它屬于對語言解釋性使用的范疇。故不難理解其翻譯會不可避免地要受到忠實原則的約束、制約，譯者在譯文文字的取舍上就必須“盡可能在相關各方面使之與原作相似?！盵3]
二、關聯理論對于科技英語翻譯實踐的適用性
在關聯理論的觀照下，科技英語翻譯是一種雙重認知――推理活動與交際行為。這可從以下三個方面進行探討。
1.話題框架與科技英語翻譯：
作為原文最初的讀者，譯者須努力挖掘出原文語境所蘊含的最佳關聯，并進而推理，確切傳達作者的深層意義。
2.認知環境與科技英語翻譯：
譯者作為連接作者和讀者的橋梁，須結合所獲的語境信息，假設讀者的認知語境，明確翻譯目標。
3.翻譯目的與翻譯策略：
根據關聯理論，翻譯目的也是非常重要的語境因素之一。譯者必須事先分析假設的目標讀者，才能采取合適的翻譯策略，將其對原文的理解以具有最佳關聯性的形式在譯文中加以表述。
由上可知，科技英語翻譯過程始終體現著最佳關聯的明示――推理的交際行為，是一個“以關聯為準繩，以順應為手段，以意圖為歸宿，盡量使譯文向原文趨同的動態行為”[4]。作為一種實質上在科技語域中語際間的明示推理行為，它必然受關聯原則的指導。
三、科技英語的文體特征
科技英語是廣泛應用于科技領域的一種文體。在語體上科技英語是一種書面語，非常正規，邏輯嚴密?？萍加⒄Z以概念的準確性、判斷的嚴密性、推理的周密性為特征。關聯理論認為，譯者為達到譯文的語用等效，基本前提是他對自然語言正確的認知和理解。在翻譯過程中譯者應當熟練掌握科技英語文章的文體特征。
1.大量使用專業科技詞匯，這是科技英語在詞匯上的最大特點。一般而言，科技英語用詞謹慎，詞義既無感彩，又少形象特征，其詞義結構要比普通英語單純。但隨著科學技術的迅速發展，一些詞增添了新義，另一方面又揚棄了那些不適應該語體需要的詞義，從而使詞義結構產生了變化。變化結果是詞義帶上了專業色彩，詞的用法和搭配得以相對穩定。
2.結構嚴謹、邏輯嚴密，復雜長句多。因為科技英語用于表達科技事實、概念、原理及解釋自然現象，需要用邏輯思維嚴密、結構嚴謹、表達客觀的語言來闡釋因果、條件、讓步、目的、對比等上下文邏輯概念。
3.科技英語中名詞化結構大量使用及某些句型經常出現，如強調句型、分詞及其分詞短語、不定式等。
4.語言規范、行文簡潔：科技英語的一個突出特征就是語言規范、精練。由于科技英語表述的都是客觀事實、信息量大，決定了其語法規范無誤?？萍颊Z言總的要求是以最少的文字符號傳遞最大的信息，所以其語言簡潔客觀，在此類文章中被動句的使用較多?？萍加⒄Z語言的精練簡潔既表現在詞匯層，也表現在句法層。
四、關聯理論與文體學視域下科技英語
的翻譯策略
在科技英語翻譯中，由于目的語讀者與源語讀者有不同的認知語境，兩種語言的用詞、句法與語義又有差異，譯者須運用關聯原則并基于其文體特征，結合源語作者的認知語境仔細推理原文，努力提高譯文的語境效果。為此，譯者需審時度勢，適當取舍，采取靈活多變的翻譯策略，應力求通過增刪、改寫、調整等獲得目的語讀者的認知語境與源語作者交際意圖的最佳關聯，并使譯文合乎漢語的習慣和表達規律。
1.直接翻譯
在科技英語源語與目的語有共同的表達方式時，直接翻譯（即努力保留原文所有交際線索，以保留原文的風格）是最快捷有效的方法。它主要集中在源語中的科技術語以及具有專業概念的語言單位的翻譯之中。
科技術語專業性強，在專業范圍內意義相對穩定、單一。對術語翻譯的根本前提是熟悉本專業的知識，了解本專業相應的漢語術語，因為在特定專業領域內科技術語在兩種語言中的對應性強，可以進行對等翻譯。如在汽車專業英語中，一些基本技術術語如：thermostat（節溫器），crankshaft（曲軸），distributor（分電器），hypoid gear（準雙曲面齒輪），4WD（四輪驅動）等翻譯時可實現英漢對等翻譯[5]。
另外，對于說明性醫學語篇，應采用直接翻譯。因為任何內容或形式的改變都會誤導用戶，導致嚴重后果。譯者應譯出原文每一條信息，注意使用“祛風”、“止痛”、“慎用非處方藥”等專業詞語和科技語篇中典型的祈使句，同時保留原文標題和各分項的版式，用粗體字突出注意事項，實現與原文的大寫字體同樣的語用功能[6]。
2.間接翻譯：可根據不同的翻譯目的采取相應的翻譯技巧。
（1）詞義引申：詞義引申即改變原文的字面意義，以適應上下文、邏輯關系及詞句搭配上的需要的翻譯策略。詞義引申時，可從詞義轉譯、詞義具體化、詞義抽象化、詞的搭配四個方面來考慮，達到準確翻譯科技詞義的目的。為此，譯者不但要熟悉原文所涉及的專業技術知識，而且還要通曉詞的基本含義和引申含義以及詞在特定科技領域中的特定含義。例如：Excessive shaft deflection can be the death of an otherwise well designed machine.（軸的過度彎曲變形能使一臺在其他方面都設計得不錯的機床報廢無用。）句中“death”的詞義在當前的語境中得到了引申，譯為“報廢無用”，更加忠實于原文語意。
（2）轉換：轉換在科技英語翻譯實踐中具體體現為詞類轉換與句子成分的轉換。但二者往往交織在一起，不可截然分開。例如：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.（火箭已經用來探索宇宙。）句中名詞application和exploration分別轉譯為動詞“用來”和“探索”，更符合漢語表達習慣。
（3）增譯：增譯即在原文的基礎上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，使譯文在語法、語言形式上符合漢語的表達習慣并使譯文在修辭、語法結構、詞義上與原文保持一致。增譯在科技英語翻譯中比較常見。例如：The best constructor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.（最好的導體電阻最小，最差的導體電阻最大。）英語原句在保證讀者理解的基礎上采用增譯方法，譯文中補充了“導體電阻”一詞，準確傳達了原意。
（4）省譯：省譯即翻譯時將原文中的某個（些）詞不譯出來，包括省譯冠詞、介詞、代詞、連接詞、動詞與名詞?？萍加⒄Z翻譯實踐中，省譯較增譯更為常見。例如：Evidently semiconductors have a lesser conducting capacity than metals.（半導體的導電能力顯然比金屬差。試比較：顯然半導體具有比金屬差的導電能力。）科技英語在敘述兩種物質的特性比較時，常使用動詞have。譯時應將英語的形容詞譯成漢語的謂語，并將have略去不譯，使譯文簡潔曉暢，文約意豐。
（5）編譯：編譯即譯文對原文的切割、加工和整理，以減少譯文讀者閱讀與實際操作無關的資料及猜測晦澀難懂的專業術語時所付出的處理努力。例如：Is cloning technology becoming the sword of Damocles to human beings？（克隆技術是否正成為人類頭上的一柄達摩克利斯劍，無時無刻地威脅著我們的安全呢？）句中巧加釋意，引出“達摩克利斯劍”的意義，讀來通順流暢且形象鮮明生動，較好傳達出原文信息與文化內涵。
（6）反譯：反譯即翻譯時突破原文形式，采用變換語氣的辦法處理詞句，以使譯文合乎漢語規范或修辭要求而不失原意。具體包括：將肯定的譯成否定的；將否定的譯成肯定的。例如：The central fact of biology， evolution， was not established until modern science had been in existence for over two hundred years.（生物學的主要學說進化論，直到近代科學產生二百多年以后才建立起來。）[7]譯文將原文的否定形式改用肯定的句式予以表達，言簡意賅。
五、結語
關聯理論對科技英語翻譯實踐具有強大的解釋和指導作用，它能夠較好地從理論上解決在科技英語翻譯實踐中碰到的許多疑惑，能從深層次上揭示其內在規律性。根據關聯原則，譯者在從事科技英語翻譯時，應充分考慮譯語環境下譯文讀者的認知能力，通過各種交際線索找到源語交際者的真實交際意圖，然后通過推理目標語受體的認知環境，選擇具有最佳關聯性的翻譯策略，達到最佳交際效果?；诳萍加⒄Z文體特征，從關聯理論的視域來探討這些問題有助于更好地把握語用翻譯的本質，進而有效指導科技英語翻譯實踐。
參考文獻：
［1］Sperber Dan and Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition ［M］. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press， 2001:15-16.
［2］Gutt， Ernst-August. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context ［M］. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 2004:48.
［3］Wilson， D. And Sperber， D. Representation and relevance. In R.M. Kempson （ed.） Mental Representations: The Interface Between Language and Reality ［M］. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press， 1988:224.
［4］趙彥春.關聯理論與翻譯的本質――對翻譯缺省問題的關聯論解釋［J］.四川外語學院學報，2003，（3）:117―121.
［5］吳遠慶，肖德法.科技英語的特點及翻譯的誤區［J］.煙臺師范學院學報（哲學社會科學版），2003，（1）:110-113.
英語科技論文范文5
一、高職英語課程設計的三種價值取向
1.以學科為中心的課程設計價值取向
以學科中心的課程設計價值取向是把知識作為課程設計的中心。以學科中心的課程設計的價值取向關鍵點是“注重構成自由教育的基本知識的掌握”〔1〕。主張按照學科的基本結構進行課程設計。課程設計的最終目標是發展學生的智力水平，課程內容的基本特點是專業性、學術性與結構性，強調學生對基礎知識與系統知識的掌握。以學科中心的課程設計把學習者的學習過程當作一個揭示事物自然規律的過程、一個發現新事物的過程、一個如何找到這些事物之間關聯性的過程。20世紀80年代以來“，新學科主義”的課程設計價值取向在強調理論、方法、技術、知識的同時，更加關注社會需求以及學習者的學習興趣與學習需求在課程內容中的重要性〔3〕。
2.以學習者為中心的課程設計價值取向
以學習者中心的課程設計把全面發展學生的能力作為課程設計的最終目標。學生能力的全面發展既包括發展學生的智力需求，還包括發展學生的非智力因素需求，也就是情感、態度、自尊、自信、意志等。以學習者中心的課程設計價值取向把課程設計的中心由課程的材料轉移到了學習者，強調學習者的個性發展，注重滿足學習者的學習興趣與學習需求，關注學習者的人格完善，把培養學習者的價值觀、情感、態度放到比知識更加重要的地位。在課程內容的選擇與組織方面，注重把學習者的學習與現實的社會環境與社會需求相互聯系，把學習者的學習心理與課程內容的邏輯順序相互協調，把學習者的情感世界與知識海洋相互融合。
3.以問題為中心的課程設計價值取向
以問題中心的課程設計價值取向是在以學科中心的課程設計價值取向與以學習者中心的課程設計價值取向的基礎上的進一步改進。以問題中心的課程設計尋求的是一種把學科知識與學習者所處的學習情境互相滲透的一種課程設計模式。在這種課程設計模式下，學習者既能夠學到學科知識，又能夠充分地發揮自主性，達到自我實現。課程設計目標具有一定的靈活性，課程設計內容注重培養學習者的問題解決能力、人際交往能力與社會實踐能力。以問題中心的課程設計價值取向在課程學習內容方面的設計打破了學科之間的獨立，采用整合的形式，實現了跨學科間的聯系。以上三種課程設計價值取向反映了課程的三個不同屬性———人本屬性、文化屬性與社會屬性。三個屬性之間的關系是相互依存、相互影響、辯證統一的。當前，高職英語的課程設計價值取向已由單一性逐漸被多元化所取代，三者課程設計價值取向不斷趨于融合。
二、高職英語課程設計的內容要求
高職英語課程首先是以英語語言文化知識為主要內容的課程，工具性是高職英語的基本屬性。高職英語課程設計的價值取向要讓學習者在今后的生活、工作、社會交往中能夠應用語言進行有效的交流，培養學習者的自主學習能力，增強學習者的文化素養，以適應我國社會的發展以及國際交流的需要，為社會培養高素質的人才。其次，高職英語課程還有人文性的一面，語言的存在構建了人類生存的文化環境，塑造了人類的文化心理，承載著人類的情感態度，人文性是對人類精神世界的一種尊重、提高與關注。語言的人文性可以幫助學習者獲取自信心、養護自尊感、培養自強的信念、確立價值觀、樹立成就感，它在學習者形成良好的個性特征方面起著舉足輕重的作用。人文性是高職英語課程設計主體價值選取的方向，是高職英語課程設計的價值所在。
1.高職英語課程結構的設置要滿足學習者的學習興趣
學習需求課程設計的任務是發現學習者的學習興趣，幫助學習者為完成學習任務而選擇最為關鍵的學習內容。針對高等職業教育的特點，教師可以將兩門或兩門以上的課程內容進行融合，打破學科界限。經過綜合后的課程以教學單元為基本教學單位，將彼此獨立的學科融合為一個大領域，實現基礎性與職業性相結合的課程設計理念，但是，要強調基礎性的決定地位，注重語言知識的基本技能性。這里的基本技能不僅包括聽、說、讀、寫等技能，還包括現代信息技術技能、高超的問題解決技能等。
2.高職英語課程計劃的制定要以學習者為中心師生共同合作制定
“以學生為本”，“教師主導、學生主體”的課程設置理念符合高職學習者特有的學習情況。為了滿足學習者的學習興趣、學習需求與學習風格，課程計劃的制定要適應學習者的特點和要求。在高職英語課程設計價值取向制定的過程中，要把培養學習者的情感、態度、價值觀放在比掌握英語知識更為重要的地位，把著眼點放在學習者的成長、自律與發展方面，把學習者能力的全面發展作為課程設計的終極目標。
3.高職英語課程評價的標準要注重學習者的學習過程
高等職業教育是職業性、技能性的教育，以過程為導向的教育方式更能夠體現高等職業教育的人文性與素質性。高職英語課程評價應圍繞學習者的學習主題，進行高職英語課程單元教學設計，建立以單元為中心的教學評價體系。高職英語課程設計價值取向的著眼點要放在每一個單元的教學質量方面，即分析每一位學習者的單元學習情況，從而判斷該單元教學的實現水平。課程設計是課程規劃中最具有創造性的活動。
英語科技論文范文6
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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Appendices
浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生網上英語口語學習策略調查問卷
一、個人簡況
姓名:
性別: A 男 B女
科別： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A內向 B外向
你認為你目前的英語綜合水平： A很差 B一般 C優秀
二、網上英語口語學習策略調查
（元認知策略使用情況調查）
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、上網學習時，我能把握上網學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何上網提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的上網學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（認知策略使用情況調查）
7、我瀏覽各種英文網站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等，聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調查）
11、我反復觀看喜歡的歐美劇，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、在英文網站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把上網遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我用金山詞霸等網上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（補償策略使用情況調查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞 時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調查）
21、在網絡環境中害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、上網學習英語后，我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調查）
26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、通過網上交流很容易在學習上和同學結成朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生非網絡狀態下英語口語學習策略調查問卷
（元認知策略使用情況調查）
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、學習時，我能把握學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（認知策略使用情況調查）
7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動，聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽英語時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽英語時，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調查）
11、我反復朗讀喜歡的英語文章，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（補償策略使用情況調查）
17、英語聊天時，我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、英語聊天時，當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、英語聊天時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調查）
21、害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、一番努力學習后，我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調查）
26、用英語聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、英語打開新的世界，結交更多的朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
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誠 信 承 諾
我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業論文《基于網絡的英語口語學習策略研究》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔。
