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贈劉景文范文1
留學生經濟學論文：經濟增長效應 The Effect Of Economic Growth 簡單的經濟學解釋說，有一定的宏觀經濟目標，每一個經濟體都應該尋求實現。這些措施包括充分就業、價格穩定、收支平衡和經濟增長。然而，世界經濟的排名這些目標之前，自己，這取決于這種經濟發展水平。 例如，顯而易見的是，尼日利亞中央銀行在過去的時間內投資的穩定價格水平的政策措施。這在很大程度上是有一個增長可以增加和減少失業的手段之一。換句話說，對就業水平等宏觀經濟目標之間的增加是一個重要的目標在許多發展中國家，失業和未充分利用的資源導致了貧困率上升。 Nigeria is an economy characterized by several policies which are aimed at correcting adverse conditions limiting its growth and possibly its survival as a nation. Some of these policies however lack good formation, implementation and monitoring. This is evident even in current policies of power transformation, foreign direct investment encouragement and other past plans and programmes of the government. Simple economics explains that there are certain macroeconomic objectives that every economy should seek to achieve. These include full employment, price stability, balance of payment equilibrium and economic growth. Economies of the world however rank these objectives prior to themselves, depending on the level of development of such economy. For example, it is evident that the Central Bank of Nigeria had in time past invested its policy measures on stabilizing the price level. This to a large extent is described has one of the means by which growth can be increased and unemployment reduced. In other words, the goal of increasing the level of employment among other macroeconomic objectives is an important one in many developing nations where unemployment and underutilization of resources has led to rising rate of poverty. Given that there are several visions and continuous establishment of agencies and parastatals within the Nigerian economy more than other nations of the world, the achievement of impressive growth and acceptable employment level remains in prospect. High rate of unemployment, unimpressive growth rates and poverty among other miseries of the populace, are the order of the day. Facts gotten from publications for the Nigerian economy as analyzed by Adebayo and Ogunrinola, 2006 and the National Bureau of Statistics 2010(NBS), shows a high rate of unemployment and underemployment, for instance, the rate of unemployment was 12% in March 2005; it rose to 19.7% in March 2009 while the rate of underemployment was around 19% in 1998. This rate of unemployment can be considered high based on the overall performance of the Nigerian economy as at that time. As a matter of emphasis, among the youths in the 15-24 age brackets, the rate of unemployment was observed to be over 40% according to the 2010 edition of the Labour Force Sample Survey of the National Bureau of Statistics.
It is important to note that the study of employment and economic growth cannot be separated from their respective determinants. As explained in 2001 by Fofana N. F. in his work, "Employment and Economic Growth in the Cote d'Ivoire: An Analysis of Structural Determinants", the issue of real output and employment growth in developing nations is a requirement for poverty reduction and a more equitable income distribution. This means that other economic indices are tied to the basics of employment and factors affecting it. In the light of the above therefore, Adebayo and Ogunrinola, 2006; Oladeji, 1994; Omotor and Gbosi 2006 explained that many studies on Nigeria's employment situation have been devoted to unemployment and its determinants and/or its impacts on economic growth. These studies mostly conclude on the nature of employment and may also suggest reasons and solutions to the curse of unemployment. Oni, 2006; Patterson et al 2006 also opined that "Though from a quick look at the Nigerian data on employment level and real GDP, it appears that the recent economic growth trends and patterns have been insufficient to make any appreciable impact on employment generation and poverty reduction, but this has not been sufficiently investigated empirically in the literature". It is thus needful to find out categorically the causal effect between employment and economic growth based on available data collected by various data gathering establishments. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 研究問題陳述 The major problem identified in the Nigerian context is that of these increases in these economic growth indicators, unemployment has really been a major cause for concern. Policies and policy target to curb unemployment have really not been working and various labor market laws and policy have not really worked. In macroeconomics analysis growth has been described to have positive relationship with the level of employment. According to various economic principles this has been proven. Of such principle is the okun's law which states that has the economy grows by say 3%, the rate of unemployment is to reduce by 1% and vice versa. But the reverse has been the case in the Nigerian context. The economy in recent times has been experiencing growth but the level of unemployment has been increasing both among the youth and among working class adults. The various theoretical literatures read shows that the nexus between the employment rate and the level of growth as stated in the paragraph above is a positive one, contradicting the Okun's law. This stated fact is shown by the recent figures on both employment and economic growth. The rates of economic growth for 2010 to December, 2012 are as follows: 7.76% to 6.99% respectively and those of unemployment from 2010 to 2012 are as follows: 19.7% to 23.9% respectively (Source: tradingeconomics.com/ Nigeria Bureau of Statistics).
These growth figures shown above tell us about the break from the norm that the Nigerian economy is passing through. But in a normal economy the increased level of growth is supposed to boost the level of income, level of investment, level of consumption and savings and eventually the level of employment. But the reverse has been the case in the Nigerian context: the employment generation rate keeps falling, the unemployment rate keeps rising and the growth rate has to some extent increased consistently with minimal fluctuations. The problem that this research wishes to deal with has to do in details with the nature and dynamics of this growth; what has influenced it overtime? Why has it that this increased growth has had no significant effect on the rate of employment generation? And finally how these increases in growth can be exploited to get maximum growth in employment generation rate. RESEARCH QUESTION 研究問題 Thus, given the above problems, the research questions are; What are the major relationships between employment generation and economic growth? What are the effects of economic growth rates on employment generation and how wide is the gap between the two economic objectives? How is this gap going to be reduced? Which is the best macroeconomic model and strategy to adopt to curb unemployment Nigeria? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 研究目標 The major objective of the study is to empirically investigate whether employment increases or unemployment decreases with increasing economic growth rate. The specific objectives of the study are: To model the rate of economic growth in Nigeria with respect to its effect on employment rates and policy. To examine the role of various policy regimes in busting the economic growth and also policies to increase the rate employment in the economy. To review the various types of employment and the employment strategies with respect to various job types and how it has affected growth. To show various trends in the data of both economic growth and unemployment, look at the various gap analysis and then model ways of reducing the gaps identified between economic growth and employment. To provide policy recommendation(s) RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 研究假設 The research aims at testing the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 Ho: αi=0 There is no relationship between economic growth and employment rates.
Ha: αi‰ 0 There is a relationship between economic growth and employment rates. Hypothesis 2 Ho : αi=0 There is no significant effect of economic growth on employment. Ha : αi‰ 0 There is significant effect of economic growth on employment. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 研究的正當性 Many occurrences about the fluctuations between the economic growth rate and the increasing level of unemployment as influenced researchers in recent times to study the great influence of the growth rate on the level of employment in the Nigeria economy. Due to the fact that the Nigerian economy is becoming increasingly sophisticated hence the need to study the relationships between this two concepts since it has been stated in various literature that both economic indicator has very high influence on other economic variables like the exchange rates stability, price stability etc. Various studies from the review of theoretical literature, has shown that the rate of unemployment is growing likewise the rate of growth in the economy. This prompted the study to further advance the study on the impact of the latter on the former and also to know more about the impending issues which have also been mentioned in other literatures. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHAPTERS 各章組織 This project is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives a general introduction of the study, the statement of the research problem, objective(s) of the study, research hypothesis, and the justification of the study. Chapter two is the review of related concepts; theoretical and empirical literature, while chapter three presents the research methodology. Chapter four ispresentation of data, interpretation and analysis of result. Finally, chapter five presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation. Other miscellaneous details are presented in the appendix. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 研究范圍 This research work describes why, how and if there is a major impact of economic growth on the rate of unemployment in the Nigerian economy. This also will examine the role of government in curbing unemployment through various policies from 1990 till date. SECTION 2 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE 文獻概念 ECONOMIC GROWTH 經濟增長 Economic growth is measured in terms of growth in real GDP. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is measured in terms of the amount of final goods and services produced in a particular country in an accounting period excluding income from abroad. This growth rate is always measured in real terms which are described as inflation adjusted terms.
贈劉景文范文2
【關鍵詞】 空中管制風險預警 交通流量增長環境 安全性
在空中管制風險預警研究中，必須要對飛行安全風險進行全面的監管，并要在事故預防前的管理環節上，將安全風險管理放在管理環節的重點部位，以此將發生風險事件的次數進行有效的計算，同時將飛機設備出現故障進行有效的分布，這樣很容易形成管制風險預警。因此，在本文中，可以在交通流量快速增長的情況下，對空中管制風險預警進行全面的分析，以此保證空中交通運行的安全性。
1 空中管制風險預警在交通流量快速增長環境中問題的研究方法
（1）利用系統動力學對提高空中管制風險預警水平有著積極的促進作用。在利用系統動力學時，能夠及時科學的分析和研究所反饋的信息。在遇到一些具備著分線性、高階性和時變性等特點的問題時，可以利用系統動力學進行有效的解決。在運用系統動力學時，可以進行一些仿真實驗。在進行實驗時，要在一定程度上對系統動力學各個變量之間所具備的變化規律進行有效的定量研究，同時要有效的利用系統動力所具備的優點，在實驗研究中進行合理的運用。采用系統動力學在構建空中管制風險預警時，不需要利用一些相關的歷史數據，并且系統動力學之間的函數有著一定的靈活性，在對一些數據進行擬合、統計和綜合評價時，能夠進行較為靈活和有效的使用。在運用系統動力學時，可以有效的建立空中管制風險預警系統的流圖，能夠較為準確和全面的描述安全風險因素的規律和變化趨勢。
（2）基于系統動力學，構建有效的安全風險預警模型。首先要對交通流量增長情況進行全面的調查，同時要參考和研究與交通流量相關的資料和數據，同時要根據交通管理流量增長的具體情況，進行合理的研究。其次在提出相應的實驗方案后，要進行準確合理的篩選，將影響最大的風險對象選出來，并確定安全風險預警模型邊界。再次要進一步分析風險，以此設計出科學的系統流圖。在構建系統流圖時，以此建立有效的管制安全風險預警模型。最后要有效的利用相關的數據和資料，同時也可以進行相應的仿真調試實驗，并有效的分析和研究仿真實驗后的結果，以此進行科學合理的安全風險預警模型。
2 基于交通流量快速增長現象，構建空中管制風險預警模型
2.1 準確科學的確定空中管制風險預警模型的邊界
為了能夠簡化構建空中管制風險預警模型的工作流程，必須要將系統內部的變量進行有效的確定，同時也可以在建立空中管制預警模型時，制定一些可行方案，以此保證空中管制應模型的科學性和合理性。首先當空中交通流量呈現著逐年上升的趨勢時，在空中管制風險預警模型中主要是對空中飛行器流量進行有效的管制，并要全面的考慮風險管制能力。其次在管制風險預警模型中要以非量剛性變量為主要內容，要將風險流對系統產生的影響變化進行綜合考慮。再次要計量空中交通環境和管理的子系統。最后就要實現模型管制行為，面對著交通流量的增長情況，都會有一定的延遲現象。
在對這四種模型方案進行分析時，要將各個系統的風險進行全面的考慮，主要包括：人員、機械、環境和管理這四個方面。在對系統的運動規律進行演化和分析時，要嚴格按照風險流程，并在一定程度上確定系統模型的邊界。在有效的確定模型邊界時，要合理的確定相關狀態變量，要科學的歸類和排定之后的狀態載體。另外，要有效的確定所有相關變量，要將所控制的狀態變量因素進行準確的了解，因此較為科學準確的確定控制管制風險預警模型的邊界。
2.2 有效的構建空中管制風險預警流圖
在建立空中管制風險預警模型時，要有效的繪制系統力學模型。在繪制系統力學模型時，要將空中交通流量進行全面的分析，要準確和全面的描述系統運行的情況，這樣可以較為有效的準確的將系統中各個風險要素的邏輯關系進行準確的描述。同時要將各個相關之間的變量關系進行準確的確定。在對反應系統的行為進行有效的控制時，要合理的利用各個變量之間所反饋出來的信息，進行有效的反饋和控制。當系統行為受到影響時，要將影響風險變量進行全面有效的預警和控制，以此提高風險預警模型的準確性和科學性。最后在構建空中管制風險預警流圖時，要將空中管制風險的類型進行全面的分析，設置準確的模型邊界點，并與相關風險特征的相關因素進行全面的分析。同時要按照風險人員的實際情況，要嚴格按照空中管制風險預警模型中的機械設備、環境和管理之間的作用進行全面的分析，以此有效的構建空中管制風險預警模型。在構建空中管制風險預警模型流圖時，要將流位變量、流速變量和輔助變量進行全面的分析，以此將空中管制風險預警模型流圖進行有效的建立。
3 結語
在交通流量快速增長環境中，構建空中管制風險預警時，可以有效的利用系統動力學，以此積極的促進空中管制風險預警水平。同時要基于系統動力學，構建有效的安全風險預警模型。在構建空中管制風險預警模型時，要準確科學的確定空中管制風險預警模型的邊界，有效的構建空中管制風險預警流圖，以此保證空中管制風險預警模型的有效性和科學性，提高空中管制風險預警水平。
參考文獻：
[1]郭育森.基于交通流量增長的空中管制風險預警問題研究[J].應用方法論，2012，38（09）：156-158.
贈劉景文范文3
1、菊殘猶有傲霜枝的猶意思是：還，仍有。菊殘猶有傲霜枝這句話的有意思是：只有那開敗了的花枝還傲寒斗霜。出自宋朝蘇軾的《贈劉景文》中，這首詩作于元祐五年（公元1090年），是送給好友劉景文的一首勉勵詩。
2、原文為：
荷盡已無擎雨蓋，菊殘猶有傲霜枝
一年好景君須記，正是橙黃橘綠時。
（來源：文章屋網 ）
贈劉景文范文4
釋義：指秋季景物。
出處：宋代蘇軾《贈劉景文》詩：一年好景君須記，最是橙黃橘綠時。
2、回黃轉綠；
釋義：樹葉由綠變黃，由黃變綠。原指時令的變遷，后比喻世事的反復。
出處：《古詩源休洗紅》：回黃轉綠無定期，世事反復君所知。
3、綠衣黃里；
釋義：古時以黃色為正色，綠為閑色。以綠色為衣，用黃色為里。舊喻尊卑反置，貴賤顛倒。
贈劉景文范文5
2、接天蓮葉無窮碧，映日荷花別樣紅。——楊萬里《曉出凈慈寺送林子方》
3、有三秋桂子，十里荷花。——柳永《望海潮·東南形勝》
4、庭前落盡梧桐，水邊開徹芙蓉?！焱ビ瘛短靸羯场で铩?/p>
5、荷葉羅裙一色裁，芙蓉向臉兩邊開?！醪g《采蓮曲》
6、荷風送香氣，竹露滴清響?！虾迫弧断娜漳贤研链蟆?/p>
7、荷盡已無擎雨蓋，菊殘猶有傲霜枝?！K軾《贈劉景文 / 冬景》
8、菡萏香銷翠葉殘，西風愁起綠波間。——李璟《攤破浣溪沙·菡萏香銷翠葉殘》
9、此花此葉常相映，翠減紅衰愁殺人?！钌屉[《贈荷花》
贈劉景文范文6
因生長習性得名：芍藥的開花時節在春末，蘇軾《芍藥》中說：“多謝化工憐寂寞，尚留芍藥殿春風?！币虻脛e名“殿春”。蘭花生長在空曠幽深的山谷，《詩經?白駒》：“皎皎白駒，在彼空谷。生芻一束，其人如玉?！钡脛e名“空谷”。在萬花凋零之際仍凌霜開放，得名“傲霜”，名源自蘇軾《贈劉景文》：“荷盡已無擎雨蓋，菊殘猶有傲霜枝?！?/p>
因形態得名：宋代晁無咎最愛插花，摯友王直方特別派了侍女素兒送了一枝臘梅給他，晁無咎賦詩答謝，《謝王立之送臘梅》：“去年不是臘梅開，準擬新枝恰恰來。芳菲意淺姿容淡，憶得素兒如此梅?！彼雅D梅比作美貌的素兒，臘梅別稱“素兒”由此而來。
因顏色得名：牡丹別名“飛燕紅妝”，名源李白《清平調》：“一枝紅艷露凝香，云雨巫山枉斷腸。借問漢宮誰得似，可憐飛燕倚新妝?！卑酌穭e名“玉雪”。名源宋代范成大《連夕大風凌寒梅已零落殆盡》：“玉雪飄零賤似泥，惜花還記賞花時?！弊限被ㄔ谑⑾幕ㄩ_滿樹，艷麗如霞，得名“滿堂紅”。宋代王十朋《紫薇》中說：“盛夏綠遮眼，此花紅滿堂。自慚終日對，不是紫薇郎。”
因香味得名：牡丹別名“天香國色”，名源唐代李正封《牡丹》：“國色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣。”
梅花別名“暗香”，宋代林逋的《山園小梅》中說：“疏影橫斜水清淺。暗香浮動月黃昏?！?/p>
因效用得名：萱草別名“忘憂草”，《詩經?伯兮》：“焉得諼草，言樹之背?！敝X草即萱草，而“諼”有忘記的意思。