兒童口腔衛生宣教內容范例6篇

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兒童口腔衛生宣教內容

兒童口腔衛生宣教內容范文1

[關鍵詞] 兒童齲病; 齲風險評估; 個性化齲預防

[中圖分類號] R 788 [文獻標志碼] A [doi] 10.7518/hxkq.2014.01.001

Caries risk assessment in children Zou Jing. (State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)

[Abstract] Caries risk assessment (CRA) involves a combination and analysis of factors including individual’s age, biolo-gical factors, and protective and clinical findings. CRA significantly guides pediatric dentists and oral health caregivers in their decision-making plan for clinical treatment. The following is an introduction on the aspects of harmfulness of childhood caries and CRA for children of different ages.

[Key words] caries in children; caries risk assessment; individual caries prevention

口腔流行病學資料顯示,兒童齲病的發病率高居兒童疾病首位,是居于發病率第二位的哮喘的5倍[1]。70%的低齡兒童齲(early childhood caries,ECC)發生于8%的兒童[2],可見兒童齲病的分布并非平均,而是存在患齲風險較高的人群,即齲高風險兒童。隨著兒童口腔醫學向齲損早期診斷和用預防替代修復治療的方向發展,對人群進行齲風險預測,篩選出齲高風險兒童,有助于在個體水平上為患兒提供適當的防齲措施,在群體水平上更有效地利用衛生保健資源,有的放矢地降低兒童齲的發生。兒童齲風險評估是對兒童個體的年齡、生物學因素、保護性因素和臨床檢查結果進行綜合性分析,評估個體的患齲風險,是口腔保健人員和牙醫制定治療計劃的重要組成部分。本文從兒童齲病的危害、不同年齡階段兒童齲風險評估的內容及作用等方面進行歸納。

1 兒童齲病的危害

乳牙在萌出后不久即可患齲,圖1顯示的是一個出生8個月的嬰兒剛萌出的上頜中切牙已患齲。上頜乳切牙是乳牙齲病最為好發的牙位,其次是上頜乳磨牙。乳牙齲主要是由于不良的喂養或飲食習慣、不良的口腔衛生習慣、乳牙特殊的解剖及組織結構特點在致齲菌的作用下所致。

圖 1 8個月嬰兒上頜中切牙齲病

Fig 1 Caries of maxillary incisor in 8-month infant

ECC對兒童身體健康的危害超過成人,這種危害既影響局部也影響全身。乳牙因齲蝕致牙體缺損,尤其是涉及乳磨牙大面積牙體缺損時,患兒的咀嚼功能會明顯下降,直接影響兒童的全身營養吸收,處于生長發育旺盛期的兒童的頜面部以及全身生長發育會受到影響。乳牙齲發展成牙髓根尖周病后可影響其下的恒牙胚,使其釉質發育不全,如特納牙(Turner’s tooth)的發生。乳牙根尖周炎導致的局部牙槽骨破壞、牙根吸收異常、殘根滯留等可使繼承恒牙萌出順序和位置均出現異常(圖2),引起恒牙列錯畸形的發生。幼兒期是兒童學習語言的關鍵時期,乳前牙的齲壞和早失會影響兒童正確發音及美觀,給其心理健康造成一定的影響。

圖 2 上頜乳中切牙殘根滯留致恒中切牙萌出位置改變

Fig 2 Residual root retention of maxillary primary incisor causing

the position change of permanent incisor

2 兒童齲病的風險性評估(caries risk assessment,

CRA)

CRA是兒童口腔保健的一個重要組成部分,是指在兒童口腔保健或兒童牙醫的醫療行為中,鑒別分析某些肯定或被認為與兒童齲相關的因素,以提供足夠的證據確定某一個體在特定的時間內新發齲(成為齲洞或早期白堊斑,圖3)的可能性,并提出個性化的防齲或治療方案,促進并參與兒童齲病的治療[3]。至今還無任何一個齲風險評估模型(caries risk assessing model,CRAM)能夠準確地預知個體在一定時間內是否發生齲病,但目前公認一個好的CRAM應包括對個體飲食習慣、口腔衛生習慣、氟化物應用、易感個體及其口腔微生物群、個體所處的社會、文化背景和行為因素的綜合分析與鑒別[4-8]。CRA需要兒童口腔保健工作者或牙醫與兒童的家長進行充分的交流,詳細了解兒童的出生狀況、發育情況、飲食習慣、口腔衛生習慣及其父母的口腔健康狀況等,根據評估結果獲知機體對齲病的敏感性,從而制定個性化的口腔衛生保健計劃。

口腔微生物群的評估多以菌斑、唾液為采樣標本,檢測變異鏈球菌、乳酸桿菌的含量及早期定植于口腔的年齡,測定菌斑的產酸能力或唾液緩沖能力等,近年來較為肯定的有Cariostat、Dentocult LB和Dentocult SM等方法[9-10]。在口腔檢查中,如果兒童已有齲洞形成,或牙面已有白堊色改變,或牙面可見明顯菌斑,或患兒有釉質發育不全,則提示該患兒處于高齲風險狀態[11-12]。如果患兒的父親或母親喜歡甜食,父親或母親口腔內DMFT較高或有活躍性齲損,口腔變異鏈球菌計數較高,或家庭社會經濟地位較低,均可導致其孩子處于高齲風險狀態[9,13]。如果患兒有夜間進食的習慣,特別是有含著奶瓶入睡的習慣,或奶瓶喂養時間過長(超過1歲半),或喜食碳水化合物或含糖間食(sugar-containing snacks)或碳酸飲料,或患兒是有特殊健康需求的殘障兒童,均可認為該個體處于高齲風險[14-15]。

圖 3 右上頜乳中切牙頸緣白堊斑(紅色箭頭)與左上頜乳側

切牙唇面齲洞(黃色箭頭)

Fig 3 Cervical white spots of right maxillary primary incisor (red

arrow) and labial caries lesion of left maxillary primary lateral

incisor (yellow arrow)

使兒童齲風險降低的因素有:系統性和局部性的氟化物應用、糖代用品的使用、養成正確的刷牙方法和頻率、定期的口腔保?。╮egular periodic care)和CRA。不論是系統性用氟的氟化水源,還是局部用氟的含氟牙膏、氟化泡沫、氟保護漆)均可增強兒童牙齒的抗齲力、降低其患齲風險[7,16]。在糖的代用品方面,許多研究證實使用木糖醇替代蔗糖可有效地減少菌斑和唾液中的變異鏈球菌數量,從而降低齲病的發生[17]。一天至少2次使用含氟牙膏刷牙、每次刷牙至少3 min,定期口腔保健和CRA均能有效地降低個體的患齲風險[18]。表1和表2顯示的分別是美國兒童口腔醫學會(American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry,AAPD)2011年制定的0~5歲和6歲以上兒童齲風險評估的內容[19-20],根據對兒童生物學行為、保護性因素和臨床檢查結果的分析,對個體評估其齲風險,制定其綜合防齲及治療計劃,確定定期口腔檢查的間隔時間與家庭牙科的宣教內容,降低兒童齲病的發生。

3 兒童齲病的綜合防治

隨著微創齒科(minimum intervention dentistry,MID)的觀念被越來越多的臨床牙醫所接受,現代兒童齲病的治療更強調早期尚未成洞的齲損修復和評估個體的患齲風險性,采取積極措施監控個體齲病的進展。個體的年齡、文化背景、社會經濟地位、父母口腔健康狀態等不同,其患齲風險也不同,因而應有不同的防齲措施和治療計劃。

表3~5顯示的是不同年齡階段、不同患齲風險兒童的齲病防治方案,從診斷、干預和修復方面為臨床醫生防治不同齲風險兒童的齲病提供參考[21-22]。

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