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龍眼核范文1
【關鍵詞】 乙醇提??;,,龍眼核;,,總黃酮;,,鑒別
摘要:目的探討龍眼核中總黃酮的提取及鑒別方法,以充分利用龍眼核植物資源,避免資源的浪費。方法 采用乙醇提取法從龍眼核中提取黃酮類物質,對所提取的黃酮類物質進行驗證,并用分光光度法測定其含量。結果測得樣品中總黃酮的含量C=1.634mg/ml,回收率為99.65%,其純度和產率均較高。結論該方法采用全物理過程,無任何污染,是提取龍眼核黃酮類物質的有效途徑。
關鍵詞:乙醇提??; 龍眼核; 總黃酮; 鑒別
Abstract:ObjectiveIn order to make use of the resources of longan seed , avoid wasting and approach the extraction of total flavanone of longan seed.MethodsThe flavonids were extracted from longan seed with ethanol .Using spectrophotometry to extract and check the flavanone of longan seed. Results By this method getting the contents of the total flavanone of longan seed is C=1.634mg/ml and the rate of recovery is 99.65%. ConclusionThis text provides the extraction and purifying methods to get the outcome and the purity of the flavanone is all very high .This method is a purely physical process and has not any pollution. It is an ideal way to extract the flavanone of longan seed.
Key words:extracted by ethanol; longan seed; total flavanone; identification
Is often the green fruit tree for the sapindaceae longan,Longan's fruit common name dried longan, also names Long Mu, compared to item, the longan, the Asian litchi chinensis, the longan, the Sichuan billard ball, the pure black horse bead, Yan Luan, the honey spleen,the jiaolei, the wooden bomb, embroiders the wooden group and so on,For our country famous subtropics fruit[1].The longan originally produces south our country with Vietnam's north South Asia tropics region, had more than 2000 years cultivation history in our country, is the important South Asia tropics often the green longevity fruit tree, is one of four Lingnan good fruits.Li Shi Zhen said in "Native Chinese Plants" that, "Food take litchi chinensis as expensive, but profits take the longan as is good."Longan's nutritional value is very high, is south one of famous good fruits. The longan is the important raw material for medicine.Su Song composes "Chart after Book on Chinese medicine", said longan "Gansu even non-toxic, mainly treats the five internal organs perverse trend, satisfied the mind and pevented the food, long having can strong soul intelligent, enlivens is not old, feel enerthing good".Li Shi Zhen "Native Chinese Plants" also said the longan has "whets the appetite is good for the spleen, makes up the empty longan" the effect.The longan meat may treat the debility of long illness which makes the people feel weakly,Loses sleep , easy to forget,to palpitate with fear, as well as spleen weakness diarrhea, post-natal edema and so on sickness.In addition, the longan shell, the longan nucleus, dragon vertigo and the dragon eyelid, the root may take blends Chinese native medicine.Longan nuclear nature of a medicine astringent, even, is mad micro, taste pale but micro painstakingly, has stops bleeding, stops, regulates the flow of vital energy is wet and so on the effect, uses in treating the wound hemorrhage, the hernia, the mange, the skin disease attributed to dampness and so on[2,3].The longan nucleus contains the alkaloid and the fatty oil and so on,Except black seed shell,At the end of grinding or fries black at the end of grinding to externally apply,May treat the wound hemorrhage;Or spreads the treatment for burn with the tea oil accent[4]."Compendium Appropriates lost articles" said that, "Every family has the young children, this cannot be unprepared, wounded by cutting, spreads it by this, stops bleeding and lives the muscle, after can produce again , other medicine cannot be copared , not as good as it does."The longan nucleus weight accounts for the longan fruit fresh weight 17%, because has not carried on the comprehensive utilization, abandons every year the longan nuclear weight amounts to several hundred thousand tons, causes the massive longans nucleus to waste in vain[5].But,At present the total flavanone withdraws the research to the longan nucleus in not to see the report.Therefore, we withdraw the total flavanone for the first time from the longan nucleus, and determines its content, discovered in the longan nucleus includes the massive flavanone ingredient. Now reports as follows.
1 Instrument and reagent
1.1 Instruments KQ5200DB numerical control ultrasonic wave purifier (Kunshan supersonic instrument limited company); UV-755B ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Shanghai analysis instrument main plant); ZF-I three uses the ultraviolet analyzer (Shanghai to attend to village photoelectricity instrument plant); SHB-III water-circulation type multifunction vacuum pump (Zhengzhou great wall scientific industry and trade co.ltd ). 800B centrifuge (on Hai'an pavilion scientific instrument factory).
1.2 Reagents 95% Ethyl alcohol; Sodium nitrite AR; Aluminium nitrate AR; Sodium hydroxide AR; Aluminum trichloride AR; Hydrochloric acid AR; Ammonia water AR; Glacial acetic acid AR; Ethyl acetate AR; Magnesium acetate AR; Methyl alcohol AR; Magnesium powder AR; Normal butyl alcohol AR; Standard rutin (Chinese drugs biological preparations examination); Hydrogen peroxide solution AR; Ferrous sulfate AR; Salicylic acid AR. longans nucleus originates from the Guangxi Baise.
2 Methods and result
2.1 Total flavanone ingredients withdraw Take the fresh longan seed, drying, the smashing. The name takes longan seed powder approximately 6g, adds the 80ml 95% ethyl alcohol, the ultrasonic wave withdraws 2.5 h, pulls out filters. The filter residue adds the 40ml 95 % ethyl alcohol again, the ultrasonic wave withdraws 2.5h, pulls out filters, merges two times of filtrate, the reduced pressure recycling ethyl alcohol to filtrates only remains 5~7ml up to, lays aside in the 250ml measuring flask, dilutes with 60% ethyl alcohol to the scale pision, results in the sample fluid.
2.2 Determinations methods restOn take the grass cutter as the comparison determination longan seed in the total flavanone content, joins the aluminum ion reagent, at the same time controls is suitable the pH value, causes the flavanone compound and the aluminum salt forms the complex compound, can obtain the stable characteristic absorption peak in the visible light area.
2.3 Quantitative experiments total flavanone content determination
2.3.1 Wave lengths choiceSample fluids right amount, in under the 0.30ml 5% sodium nitrite solution existence alkalinity condition, after the aluminium nitrate coloration, attracts the luminosity take the reagent as the spatial dried ginseng compared to the fluid in the 420~700nm wavelength range determination chelate, the chelate has the biggest absorption in the 510nm wave length place, when determines selects this wave length.
2.3.2 Standard curves plan distinctionsPrecisely absorb the grass cutter to compare the fluid (0.10mg/ml) 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00ml in the 10.00ml measuring flask, joins 5% sodium nitrite solution 0.30ml separately, swings uniform, settles 6min; Again adds 10% aluminium nitrate solution 0.30ml, swings uniform, settles 6min; Again adds 4% caustic soda solution 4.00ml, dilutes with 60% ethyl alcohol to the scale pision, swings uniform, settles 12min, makes the blank by the reagent, absorbance was determinated at 510nm place. determination result of absorbance to see Table 1.
Table 1 determination of absorbance by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (略)
Results in the regression equation according to on table: A=-2.208×10-2+13.7578C,r=0.9999.
轉貼于
2.3.3 Withdrawing content determinationPrecise absorption sample fluid 1.00ml, sets at the 10.00ml measuring flask, absorbance A=1.102, according to the standard curve preparation method determination, according to regression equation: A=-2.208×10-2+13.7578C, in computation sample total flavanone content C=1.634mg/ml.
2.3.4 Recyclings experimentsPrecise quantity sample fluid 1.00ml, joins standard grass cutter comparison 2.00ml (0.10mg/ml), attracts the luminosity with the front sample determination method operation determination, extracts the returns-ratio is 99.65%.
2.4 Qualitative experimental total flavanone distinction
2.4.1 Colors respondedUnder the ultraviolet ray assumes the color response: Takes this sample solution on the filter paper, assumes the yellow under the visible light, assumes the dust color under the ultraviolet ray and has the fluorescence spot.Strong ammonia water response that, Takes this sample solution on the filter paper, smokes the filter paper above the ammonia water 0.5min, observes immediately under the ultraviolet ray, assumes the extremely obvious tan fluorescence spot.Aluminum trichloride response that, The sample solution on the filter paper, adds by drops 1% aluminum trichloride ethyl alcohol solution, air-dries. Assumes the yellow under the visible light, assumes the decadent fluorescence spot under the ultraviolet ray.Magnesium acetate response that, The sample solution on the filter paper, adds by drops 1% magnesium acetate methyl alcohol solution, air-dries, under the ultraviolet ray assumes the decadent spot.The hydrochloric acid - magnesium powder responded that, Takes the ethyl alcohol to extract 1ml to add the magnesium powder in the test tube, again joins the thick hydrochloric acid number drop (1 time to join), assumes the purple red in the froth place.
2.4.2 Paper chromatographicAnalyses sample solution 10 ml on filter paper. With normal butyl alcohol: Acetic acid: Water =4: 1: 5 for launches the medicinal preparation, previous line launches 5h, takes out air dries. Spurts 1% aluminum chloride ethyl alcohol solution. After air-dries under the ultraviolet ray, obviously fluorescence spot.
3 Discussions
3.1 Experimental results indicated that, this experimental technique craft simple, the returns-ratio is 99.65%, the extraction efficiency is higher than the traditional method, the ultrasonic wave which use this article provides withdraws, yellow ketones matter its purity which the purification method but obtains is high. The ultrasonic wave may strengthen the ethyl alcohol to soak the formulation, achieved time-saving, is highly effective, the energy conservation goal, this method uses the entire physical process, does not have any pollution, is ideal withdraws the yellow ketones matter the way, has the broad application prospect.
3.2 Flavonoid are big kind of natural products, widely exists in the vegetable kingdom, is many Chinese medicine effective components, has the very high for medicinal purposes value. In the nature most common is the flavanone and the flavonol, other yellow (are mellow), the isoflavone including the double hydrogen, the double flavanone, the flavanol, looks up your alkone, the orange alkone, the variety glucoside and the new yellow ketones and so on[6]. The natural origin biological flavanone molecular weight is small, can by the human body rapid absorption, be able through the blood brain barrier, to be able to enter the fatty tissue, then manifests the following function: Eliminates weary, protects the blood vessel, guards against the arteriosclerosis, the expansion blood capillary, dredges the microcycle, the anti-fat oxidation, anti-is senile, activates the cerebrum and other internal organs cells functions.The flavonoid has the anti-cancer, the anti-tumor, anti-heart blood vessel of brain disease, the anti- inflammation analgesia, the immunity adjustment, falls the blood sugar, treatment osteoporosis, the bacteriostasis anti-virus, the anti-oxidation, anti-is senile, function and so on anti-radiation[7]. In recent years, in the world raised the plant medicine development upsurge, the plant medicine has doubled by its natural low poisonous characteristic receives favors, but the flavonoid was conspicuous by its Guang Pu pharmacological action, the longan seed distributed widely, this article tested the result to indicate, the longan seed center included a richer flavanone. it withdraws the thing total flavanone to have the very good scavenging action to the hydroxyl radical.Therefore, the longan seed has the widespread development and the use value, is worth the comprehensive utilization, strengthens the resources development.
References:
[1] Cai Changhe, Tang Xiaolang,Zhang Aiyu, etc. longan fruit pulp nutritional therapy value and itsdevelopment application prospect[J]. Food Science, 2002, 23 (8): 328.
[2] Xu Jiankai. Longan high production technology question and answer[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Publishing Press,2001:56.
[3] Tan Shuhui, Zhan Reting. Chinese medicine open country recognition handbook (2)[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Publishing Press,2004:208.
[4] Nanjing college of pharmacy > compilation group Chinese medicine study (center book)[M]. Nanjing:Jiangsu People's Publishing Press,1976:628.
[5] Xiao Gengsheng, Huang Ruqiang,Ceng Qingxiao,etc. Nutrition composition of Longan seeds[J]. Food Science and Technology,2004,(1):93.
龍眼核范文2
關鍵詞:龍門吊,風載荷,傾覆
引言
假定檢測條件為12級臺風環境,龍門吊受到風載荷情況的安全性分析。根據風力為12級臺風,離地10米高處,風速范圍為32.7―36.9米/秒,風速中位數為35米/秒。
一、建立風載荷下的受力模型
圖1 龍門吊受力示意圖
由以上受力簡圖可以看出,龍門吊防傾覆是由風載荷在左支點處產生的力偶和重力在左支點產生的力偶決定的。
當 時,龍門吊在正面風載荷下降發生傾覆現象。
當 時,龍門吊需要考慮在風載荷下是否產生滑移現象,以及加固后限位、加緊裝置是否可靠。
二、風載荷分析[2]
根據龍門吊非工作狀態下,風載荷計算公式為
計算風壓為
沿海地區計算風速為平均風速的1.4倍,取值
考慮本龍門吊為港口大型起重機設備,所處環境需考慮防風抗滑系統,放大計算風速至60米/秒。
此時計算風壓為2250Pa。
沿海地區,距海平面高度一般在30米以內,這里取風壓高度系數
風力系數C值取1.85.
則風載荷
A為龍門吊有效迎風面積。需對龍門吊整體結構進行建模細化分析。
初步評估有效迎風面積為240平方米,則龍門吊正面承受風載荷為
左支點的受到的力偶可以簡化為重力產生的力偶與風載荷產生力偶。
建立傾覆平衡方程式
當風載荷力偶小于重力載荷力偶,龍門吊不會發生傾覆作用。
考慮滑移問題,即風載荷力小于滾動摩擦力
當風載荷力小于滑移摩擦力,龍門吊處于安全狀態。
1)防傾覆分析
根據龍門吊重量6000噸,重力在左支點產生的力偶為
風載荷的等效力偶為
此時
本龍門吊可以在12級臺風下防傾覆,此時考慮臺風下的防滑移情況。
2)防滑移分析
根據龍門吊重量6000噸,摩擦阻力系數為0.03―0.05,此時
此時,風載荷受力1318.68kN小于摩擦阻力
龍門吊在12級臺風下可以防止軌道滑移。
總結
龍門吊在風載荷下的防傾覆破壞能力與龍門架重心、迎風面積、重量等因素有關,在龍門架設計時需要考慮這些因素,以提高龍門架的防傾覆破壞能力。
參考文獻
龍眼核范文3
1、口味區別。龍眼是日常可買到的水果,它新鮮可直接吃,將果皮剝開后,果肉晶瑩剔透。放入口中后,果肉鮮滑,味美甘甜,夏天冰鎮后更止渴解暑。而桂圓時龍眼曬干制成,沒有了龍眼那種口感鮮嫩汁多的味道,但味道更為甜膩。
2、功效區別。龍眼營養豐富,富含多種糖類、蛋白質,含鐵量也較高,可促進血紅蛋白再生,據研究表明它還能增強記憶,消除疲勞。桂圓不適宜直接食用,多用來熬制湯水,可預防多種疾病,尤其對女性朋友的身體有良好的滋補作用,能起補血、安神等作用,還有抑制子宮癌細胞功效,是比較理想的中藥。
(來源:文章屋網 )
龍眼核范文4
關鍵詞:龍眼(Dimocarpus longan);揮發油;氣相色譜-質譜法
中圖分類號:O657.7+1 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2013)03-0674-03
龍眼(Dimocarpus longan)又名桂圓、益智,屬無患子科(Sapindaceae)龍眼屬(Dimocarpus)植物,是中國歷史上備受推崇的亞熱帶名果之一,在中國東南部栽培很廣,以福建最盛,廣東次之,云南及廣東、廣西亦見,在亞洲東南部也有栽培[1,2]。龍眼是歷史悠久的滋補佳品,也是中國南方重要的經濟作物之一,是國家衛生部公布的法定藥用和食用兩用植物。從藥用角度上講,龍眼可謂全身都是寶,具有久服強魄、通神明、開胃益脾、補虛長智之功效,龍眼肉能補益心脾、養血安神[3]。近期研究還表明其具有抗衰老、抗癌、增強免疫功能等作用[4,5];龍眼核具有止血、定痛、理氣化濕、治療疝氣和狐臭作用,龍眼核的提取物有降血糖活性[6,7];而龍眼殼可治心虛頭暈,并具有散邪祛風、聰耳、明目的作用[6];龍眼花具有清熱利水之功效,主治淋癥、糖尿病、血絲蟲病、白帶[6];龍眼葉能治感冒、痢疾、痔瘡等疾病[6];龍眼根、樹皮也可入藥[8]。因龍眼具有廣闊的經濟、藥用價值而引得廣大研究者們的廣泛關注,其中,黃儒強等[9]對福建產的龍眼核的乙酸乙酯萃取物進行了GC-MS分析;梁潔等[10]對廣西產的龍眼葉及花揮發油提取物進行了GC-MS分析。由于產地、生態環境和采收季節等不同可能會造成龍眼葉揮發油的化學成分及含量有所差異,本研究采用水蒸氣蒸餾法對云南西雙版納產的龍眼葉揮發油提取物進行了GC-MS分析,旨在為云南產龍眼葉的進一步開發和利用提供科學依據。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料與儀器
龍眼葉采自云南西雙版納(2008年11月),由中國醫學科學院藥用植物開發研究所云南分所彭朝忠提供并鑒定為無患子科植物龍眼的干燥葉。
Clarus600 GC-MS(Clarus600T)(美國PE公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 揮發油的提取 將龍眼葉粉碎后稱取50 g,用揮發油提取器按常規水蒸氣蒸餾法提取,經乙醚萃取、無水硫酸鈉干燥后,減壓回收得具有特殊濃郁香味的黃色透明揮發油,產率為0.7%。
1.2.2 氣相色譜-質譜分析條件 氣相色譜條件:HP-5MS色譜柱(5%苯基/95%甲基聚硅氧烷,30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);進樣口溫度,280 ℃;載氣,氦氣(純度≥99.999%);恒流,流速1.2 mL/min;進樣量1 μL,分流比30∶1;程序升溫,起始溫度50 ℃,保持5 min,再以2 ℃/min的速率升到250 ℃,保持15 min。
質譜條件:傳輸線溫度280 ℃;電子轟擊源(EI);電離能量70 eV;離子源230 ℃;四極桿150 ℃;全掃描測定,45~500 amu;溶劑延遲2.5 min。
2 結果與分析
龍眼葉揮發油用氣相色譜-質譜聯用儀分析,總離子流圖如圖1所示,經數據處理系統對其內存譜庫自動檢索,從基峰、相對豐度等方面進行比較,鑒定出39個化合物,以面積歸一法測得各組分相對含量,已鑒定出的化合物占揮發油總量的88.35%,其中萜類化合物為主要成分,見表1。
3 小結與討論
萜類化合物是存在于植物界的一大類化合物,具有多種生物活性,并且是一些中藥的主要有效成分。所測定龍眼葉揮發油的主要成分為:β-石竹烯(24.03%)、α-石竹烯(15.35%)、反式角鯊烯(13.93%),共占揮發油總量的53.31%,另外相對含量較高的成分還有δ-蓽澄茄烯(5.75%)、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(5.48%)、桉葉烷-3,7(11)-二烯(2.99%)、佛術烯(2.81%)和棕櫚酸甲酯(2.50%)等。在已鑒定的成分中還含有微量的氯化物和溴化物等。廣西產的龍眼葉揮發油主要成分是大根香葉烯B(15.36%)、l-甲基-1-乙烯基-2-(1-甲基乙烯基)-4-(1-甲基亞乙基)環己烷(15.32%)、石竹烯(11.0l%)和1-欖香烯(8.53%)等,共占揮發油總量的50.22%,其中大根香葉烯B含量最高,占揮發油總量的15.36%[8]。將云南產龍眼葉與廣西產龍眼葉揮發油進行比較,主要成分含量不相同,其中,云南龍眼葉含有β-石竹烯、反式角鯊烯、姜烯、α-姜黃烯、佛術烯、桉葉烷-3,7(11)-二烯、4,4’-亞甲基雙-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、棕櫚酸甲酯、亞油酸甲酯、順式-十八烷酸甲酯等成分,是廣西龍眼葉所沒有的,可見不同產地同一物種所含揮發油成分及含量變化較大,這對云南西雙版納龍眼葉的開發利用有一定的指導作用。
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[8] 吳妮妮,李雪華.龍眼化學成分及活性研究進展[J],海峽藥學,2006,18(4):17-20.
龍眼核范文5
關鍵詞:水土保持;綜合治理;工程方案
中圖分類號:F32文獻標識碼:A
一、基本情況
(一)自然條件。燕河小流域位于河北盧龍縣燕河營鎮,東經118°54~118°57,北緯40°00~40°06,為西洋河發源地。流域內東、北、西三面環山,緊臨長城腳下,地勢北高南低,南部較為平緩,海拔為90~622m之間,相對高差532m,地貌類型屬于淺山丘陵區。流域面積24.69km2,長7.5km,平均寬度3.29km。流域內重巒疊嶂,溝谷縱橫。據調查,流域內大小溝道有93條,總長21.42km,溝壑密度2.8km/km2,干溝平均比降6.86%,溝谷坡度在2.8°~7.25°之間。地面坡度組成
hm2,其中農業用地(包括坡耕地和水澆地)面積543.99hm2,占流域面積的22.04%,林地(包括喬木林、灌木林、經濟林)面積695.64hm2,占流域面積的28.17%,荒山荒坡面積873.47hm2,占流域面積的35.37%,其他用地(包括村莊、道路、水面等)面積268.02hm2,占流域面積的10.85%;未利用地面積88.21hm2,占流域面積的3.57%。人均土地面積0.52hm2,人均耕地面積0.1hm2。從土地利用現狀可以看出,根據山區特點,農用地占用比例偏高,達22.04%,但水澆地較少,坡耕地占農地的71%。農業生產條件差,致使糧食產量低而不穩;林地、草地較少,荒山荒坡較多,大農業中主導產業不突出,農林牧發展不協調,土地利用率低。流域內林地主要為喬、灌木,面積523.16hm2,主要樹種有楊樹、油松、洋槐、橡樹、紫穗槐、酸棗、荊條等,分布在山坡溝道、樹及路旁,大部分為人工林,呈零星分布;經濟林172.48hm2,主要樹種有蘋果、栗子、梨、棗等,零星分布在陰坡、陽坡。由于水源條件不好,加上土壤肥力低、管理跟不上等原因,產量一直很低。流域內林草覆蓋率28%。該流域多年平均降水量670mm,其中7、8、9三個月平均降水490mm,占年降水的73.1%。10年一遇24小時最大降雨量201.3mm,20年一遇24小時最大降雨量253mm。流域內自產水量較少,汛期洪水暴發,河谷橫溢,雨季過后,河水干枯,多年平均徑流量6,533萬m3,平均徑流流深235.7mm,年平均蒸發量493mm。流域內現有小型水庫4座,總庫容347.6萬m3,但因近年一直干旱少雨,水庫存水量只能在總庫容的20%左右,現有機井7眼,井深80m左右,井經0.4m,流域內水利化程度21.5%。流域地處暖溫帶干旱半濕潤大陸性季風氣候,冬季寒冷干燥,夏季炎熱多雨,春秋干旱多風,年平均氣溫10.7℃,極端最高氣溫39℃,極端最低氣溫-22.7℃,無霜期177天,平均初霜期日為10月9日,最早為9月11日,年均終霜日為4月21日,最早4月6日。年均日照時數2,778小時,春夏兩季偏南風或東風占優勢,秋冬兩季西北風占優勢,年平均風速2.4m/s,最大風速17.0m/s。
(二)社會經濟概況。河北省盧龍縣燕河小流域,位于盧龍縣北部,該流域涉及6個行政村,現有人口5,101人,勞動力2,610人。流域內2007年國民生產總值2,300萬元,其中農業收入1,550萬元,林果收入138萬元,牧業收入606萬元,漁業收入6萬元,人均年產值4,509元,人均收入3,100元。流域內現有小水庫4座,機井9眼,灌溉面積116.96hm2,農田水利化程度21.5%。農業種植有玉米、紅薯、谷子、花生、大豆等作物,作物所施底肥主要是復合肥和農家肥,追肥主要是尿素和鉀肥。玉米、花生、紅薯、谷子等作物的平均單產分別為6,250.5kg/hm2、3,438kg/hm2、5,661kg/hm2、3,258kg/hm2。流域內有林地695.64hm2,其中382.6hm2林地由農戶承包,由承包者治理、管護和經營,其他歸集體所有,有村集體管理。畜牧業主要有豬、牛、羊、雞等,以家庭飼養為主。該流域交通方便,南臨京-榆公路和大-秦鐵路,距盧龍縣城25km,已形成了固定電話、移動電話等完整的通訊系統。流域的供電設施比較完善,可向流域的各個方向輸送。
(三)水土流失及治理狀況
1、水土流失狀況。流域內現有水土流失面積17.5km2,占流域總土地面積的70.87%,其侵蝕形式主要為面蝕和溝蝕,局部有滑坡、崩塌等重力侵蝕,強度為中度和輕度,其中輕度侵蝕面積10.13km2,占水土流失面積的57.91%,中度侵蝕面積7.37km2,占水土流失面積的42.09%。多年平均侵蝕模數為1524t/km2.a,年平均土壤侵蝕量為26,670t。
2、水土流失的危害。日益嚴重的水土流失使地面土壤表層不斷受到破壞,造成土壤養分流失,地力下降,不僅阻礙了農業生產,制約了經濟發展,導致農民生活貧困,更為重要的是破壞了流域的生態平衡。因此,治理水土流失,開發當地水土資源是改善當地生態環境,促進國民經濟可持續發展的主要措施。
3、水土保持現狀。流域內早期水土保持工作主要以植樹造林、綠化荒山以及農田基本建設工程為主。至今仍發揮著作用,項目區內現有水土保持措施面積740.64hm2,其中梯田45hm2,谷坊壩50道,水池7座,林地695.64hm2。
二、建設目標
(一)治理水土流失目標。通過生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施的合理配置,使流域形成由水、林、田、路統一規劃,坡面、溝道均有水保工程的立體防護體系。任務完成后,治理水土流失面積14.15km2,占水土流失面積的80.84%,年減少土壤流失量28,178.75t,減沙保土效益達到70%以上,年保水量47萬m3,開發利用土地資源739.31hm2,占流域面積的30%以上,林草種植面積858.65hm2,占宜林宜草面積的100%。
(二)改善生態環境目標。項目竣工后,流域內林草覆蓋率可達62.94%,人工造成的水土流失得到控制,生態環境開始向良性發展,同時各種水保設施的修建為當地人民安全度汛提供了一定的保障。
(三)發展農村經濟目標。在各項治理措施完成后,項目區的土地利用結構趨于合理,高產、穩產田面積得到增加,糧食平均畝產達到7,500kg/hm2,人均糧食達到400kg,人均收入由目前的2,610元/年提高到2,791元/年,農業生產條件得到明顯改善,農林牧協調發展,從而使當地農民擺脫貧困,逐步走上穩定、富裕的道路。
三、建設規劃
該流域規劃治理面積14.15km2,主要建設內容為:修整水平梯田64.63hm2,建水窖36個,谷坊壩150道,營造水保林558.09hm2,其中刺槐156hm2、油松200hm2、橡樹202.09hm2;營造經濟林300.56hm2,其中板栗150hm2、核桃150.56hm2;封禁治理491.37hm2;疏林補植120hm2。
四、工程總體布局
(一)土地利用結構調整。根據土地資源適宜性評價結果,確定流域農村經濟與生產發展方向是:首先,將流域內地形緩、土層厚、土質好,水源條件較好的坡耕地建設高標準水平梯田,確保糧食需求,將陡坡地段的坡耕地退耕還林,增加林地用地比例;其次,對流域內的荒山荒坡和未利用地進行開發治理,大舉植樹造林或封禁治理,提高土地利用率,減少水土流失面積,逐漸使流域的土地利用結構趨于合理,農林牧各業協調發展,生態環境得到顯著改善,農民收入得到明顯增加,逐步使人們走上富裕的道路。
(二)治理措施、總體布局和配置。該流域屬于水力侵蝕的土石質低山丘陵區,坡面水土流失和溝道侵蝕比較嚴重,所以治理重點是坡耕地、荒坡地的面蝕及侵蝕溝的溝蝕。治理措施的總體布局是:1、坡度在5~10°之間、土質好,土層厚,有水源條件的坡耕地建設基本農田,確保糧食需求;2、坡度大于10°的坡耕地發展經濟林果園,并合理布設水池、水窖和節水灌溉工程措施;3、對荒山荒坡近山面以發展水保林為主,遠山面實行封禁治理。依靠自然修復能力,使植被得到恢復,增加流域林草覆蓋率;4、根據溝道侵蝕情況合理布設谷坊壩工程,防止溝底下切,抬高溝床,制止溝岸擴張,溝槽地帶栽植楊樹。
(三)各項治理措施的具體布設
1、生物措施防護布局。(1)對流域海拔高度200m以上,坡度在25°以上的遠山區域,該區域多為山脊及分水嶺,土層較薄,也有梳林,此區域開發難度大,且一旦遭到破壞,不容易恢復,宜實行封禁治理,依靠自然修復能力,使植被得到恢復。主要適宜的樹種有刺槐、油松等,面積491.37hm2;(2)對流域半山以上,海拔高度150~200m,坡度20°~25°,土層厚度10~50cm區域的陡坡地退耕還林,荒坡地采取挖魚鱗坑的方式進行造林,使之形成人工保林帶,適宜樹種有刺槐、松樹、橡樹等。面積558.09hm2;(3)對流域半山以下海拔高度150m等高線以下山坡坡度5°~20°,土層厚度50~150cm的區域,對水源條件較好10°以下地塊修建水平梯田;對于大于10°的坡耕地,采取水平階整地;栽植經濟林。
2、工程措施防護布局。(1)溝道水保工程。據調查,該流域內侵蝕比較嚴重的溝道需布置干砌谷坊壩150道,總計長度為9,930m,溝深平均為6m;(2)破面水保工程。通過坡面水保工程建設,使破面徑流最大限度地就地蓄滲,減少徑流量,有效的防止和減輕水流對土壤的沖刷能力,增強抗旱能力。對地勢較高,地形破碎,土層較薄的坡面,采用魚鱗坑方式進行整地,以栽植水保林為主;對有水源條件,土層較厚的坡耕地采用水平梯田整地,提高灌溉保證率;依據國家有關政策,對25°以上坡耕地一律退耕還林。
3、農業灌溉用水工程。流域內的水源條件是制約流域糧食及經濟作物發展的主要因素,也是林業發展的關鍵,為保證項目區農作物、經濟林的灌溉用水,除充分利用好原有的水源工程外,根據流域特點,擬建水窖36座。
五、結語
通過實施燕河流域水土保持治理工程,可有效地預防流域內水土流失,充分利用土地資源,提高水保林及經濟林面積,為提高當地農民收入,促進經濟發展,起到好的作用。
(作者單位:1.河北省秦皇島市洋河水庫管理處;2.中國環境管理干部學院)
主要參考文獻:
[1]中華人民共和國水土保持法.
龍眼核范文6
【七臺河考研時間】
2019年黑龍江七臺河考研初試時間為2018年12月22日至12月23日(每天上午8:30-11:30,下午14:00-17:00)。超過3小時的考試科目在12月24日進行(起始時間8:30,截止時間由招生單位確定,不超過14:30)。
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【七臺河考研科目】
初試方式均為筆試。
12月22日上午思想政治理論、管理類聯考綜合能力
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